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[//]: # ([[meta copyright="Copyright © 2007, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc."]])
[[!meta license="""[[!toggle id="license" text="GFDL 1.2+"]][[!toggleable
id="license" text="Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
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any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant
Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license
is included in the section entitled [[GNU Free Documentation
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[[!meta title="Microkernel"]]
A *microkernel* is one kind of a [[kernel]] implementation.
<!-- The link below is commented out because I'm not sure if the server is permanently down or if it's temporary -->
<!-- [[Liedtke]] explains in [On Microkernel Construction](http://l4ka.org/publications/paper.php?docid=642) -->
[[Liedtke]] explains in [On Microkernel Construction](https://os.itec.kit.edu/downloads/publ_1995_liedtke_ukernel-construction.pdf)*
that a microkernel attempts to minimize the mandatory part of the operating
system by providing the minimal number of [[mechanism]]s that
maximize the flexibility of implementation (by imposing minimal
[[policy]]) while allowing the efficient implementation of the
remainder of the system.
The idea of a microkernel as explained above was first explored
by Per Brinch-Hansen in 1970 in
[The Nucleus of a Multiprogramming System](http://brinch-hansen.net/papers/1970a.pdf).
An [introduction](http://www.cs.cornell.edu/Info/People/ulfar/ukernel/ukernel.html) by
Úlfar Erlingsson and Athanasios Kyparlis (from 1996) to microkernel concepts.
[[Research]].
[[faq/Multiserver_Microkernel]].
[[Microkernels_for_beginners|for_beginners]].
A 2002 article about [[microkernel_FUD|FUD]] (Fear, Uncertainty, Doubt).
---
# Microkernel Implementations
* [[Hydra]]
* [[KeyKOS]]
* [[Mach]] -- used by the GNU/Hurd
* [[EROS]]
* [[CapROS]]
* [[Coyotos]]
* [[L4]]
* [[Barrelfish]]
* [[Viengoos]]
* [[Genode]]
---
# External Links
* [[!wikipedia Microkernel]] on Wikipedia
* *(or from [TU Dresden](http://www.tud-os.org/papers_ps/jochen/Mikern.ps)
or from [ACM](http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=224075))
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