path: root/hurd/running/qemu.mdwn

[[!meta copyright="Copyright © 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 Free
Software Foundation, Inc."]]

[[!meta license="""[[!toggle id="license" text="GFDL 1.2+"]][[!toggleable
id="license" text="Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant
Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.  A copy of the license
is included in the section entitled [[GNU Free Documentation
License|/fdl]]."]]"""]]

This page discusses things for [[Unix]] systems, there is a separate page for
[[Microsoft_Windows]] systems.

# Readily Available Images

To try out the Hurd you can use the image of the Debian GNU/Hurd: 

* [Official Debian GNU/Hurd QEMU image](http://ftp.debian-ports.org/debian-cd/K16/debian-hurd-k16-qemu.img.tar.gz)

(!) Note that the following are unofficial images: they have been prepared by
volunteers and may not have been tested extensively.

<!--* [Disk image](http://www.numenor.art.pl/balrog/hurd/) with an installation of
  [[Debian_GNU/Hurd|running/debian]].-->

* [Disk image](http://draketo.de/dateien/hurd/bab-hurd-qemu-2008-10-29.img.tar.bz2) 
  with a short intro on translators. Just start it with 'qemu *disk_image.img*'. 
  It should work without any of the configuration below. If you want to know what you can do 
  with it, please have a look at [[its_wikipage|hurd/running/qemu/babhurd_image]]. And when 
  you use it, please [tell me your experience with it](http://draketo.de/contact)! - [[community/weblogs/ArneBab]]

Also you can use qemu to easily try one of our [[Hurd_LiveCDs|hurd/running/live_cd/]]. 

<!--* [Announcement](http://lists.debian.org/debian-hurd/2007/09/msg00000.html) of  another image. - The link in the email doesn't work anymore, too old. //-->


# What is Needed to create a QEMU image

## Debian Installer

Instructions for creating a qemu image from the install CDs from debian installer can be found in the README alongside the d-i Hurd images: <http://people.debian.org/~sthibault/hurd-i386/installer/cdimage/>

## Old method

1. First thing is to install [[/QEMU]].
2. A [[grub]] boot disk for the floppy disk image needed for booting. The [0\.97 version](ftp://alpha.gnu.org/gnu/grub/grub-0.97-i386-pc.ext2fs) works fine. I downloaded it and renamed to `floppy.img`. Alternatively, the Debian grub-disk package (up till version 0.97-28) is fine as well.
3. You will need a [Debian/Hurd installation CD](http://www.debian.org/ports/hurd/hurd-cd). K16 works fine.

# KVM acceleration

Check if your CPU supports kvm:
    $ egrep '^flags.*(vmx|svm)' /proc/cpuinfo

#### If you don't have hardware support (slow):
    $ apt-get install qemu

#### If you have hardware support (recommended):
    $ apt-get install qemu-kvm
    $ modprobe kvm

Intel VTx/VTd: Enable Intel kvm in the BIOS

On a HP xw4600 Workstation: F10, Security->System Security; Enable VTx and VTd

Check that the kvm module is loaded:

    $ lsmod|grep kvm
    kvm_intel              38050  0
    kvm                   213800  1 kvm_intel

    $ ls -l /dev/kvm
    crw-rw----+ 1 root kvm 10, 232 Mar 14 15:02 /dev/kvm

Add yourself to the kvm group: adduser your_user kvm; logout; login

AMD SVM (AMD-V): Enable AMD-V in the BIOS if not enabled.

Check that the kvm module is loaded:

    $ lsmod|grep kvm
    kvm_amd               31862  0
    kvm                   214088  1 kvm_amd

More info on kvm at: http://www.linux-kvm.org/page/FAQ

If your machine supports hardware acceleration, you should really use the kvm variant of qemu, as it speeds things quite a lot. Note however that kvm tends to make assumptions when accelerating things in the linux kernel, you may need some -no-kvm-something option. At the moment in Debian you need to pass

    -no-kvm-irqchip

if you are running Linux kernels 2.6.37 or 2.6.38 else IRQs may hang sooner or later. The kvm irq problems will be solved in kernel 2.6.39. 

# Installing Debian/Hurd with QEMU using the Debian installer

Note: If you have hardware support, replace the qemu commands below with kvm, e.g. qemu-ing -> kvm-img.

First off you will need to create a disk image using `qemu-img`. I have set mine to 2 gigabytes, although you should be able to get away with less.

    $ qemu-img create hd0.img 2G

Next you will want to start up QEMU and begin the installation process.

    $ qemu -hda hd0.img -cdrom mini.iso -net nic,model=rtl8139

Now at his point do the regular install using `hd0` as your harddrive. Partition it and install the base system.

In the installer make your choice of install option: Default install (or your choice)

    Language: English

    Country, territory or area: your_choice

    Locale: your_choice

Note that even if you can set the country and locale, your keyboard is not yet supported.

#### In case of problems with locale settings do the following after the installation is completed

To get the correct timezone: dpkg-reconfigure tzdata

To get your locale setting: nano /etc/locale.gen

Update with command: locale-gen

Network: Now configured automatically with dhcp
    Parameters:
    IP address: 10.0.2.15
    Netmask: 255.255.0.0
    Gateway: 10.0.2.2
    Nameserver: 10.0.2.3

    Qemu network setup:
    QEMU VLAN     <------>  Firewall/DHCP server <-----> Internet
                      |          (10.0.2.2)
                      |
                      ---->  DNS server (10.0.2.3)
                      |
                      ---->  SMB server (10.0.2.4)

Partitioning method: Guided or your choice
Partitioning /dev/hd0: All files in one partition.

Note: Since partman is not yet fixed to set up to mount partitions automatically at reboot, it is crucial that you choose this option for now.

Once you have finished installing the base system (might take some time) the system is rebooted and next boot will be from the hard disk and your are able to log in to your newly installed GNU/Hurd system. 

Also see another text about how to [[gnu/create_an_image]] for the
[[GNU_system|gnu]].

## Running the installed system

Starting qemu/qemu-kvm:
    $ kvm -m 1024 -net nic,model=rtl8139 -net user,hostfwd=tcp::5555-:22 -hda hurd-install.kvm -vga vmware
    vmsvga_value_write: guest runs Linux.

See below on port forwarding in the networking section.

If you have problems with grub hanging during boot with the vmware vga driver: Disable the graphic boot
    $ nano /etc/default/grub
    uncomment GRUB_TERMINAL=console
    run /usr/sbin/update-grub

### A few words about the qemu console

During the graphical emulation, you can use the following keys:
    <Ctrl><Alt>-f Toggle full screen
    <Ctrl><Alt>-u Restore the screen's un-scaled dimensions
    <Ctrl><Alt>-n Switch to virtual console 'n'. Standard console mappings are:
    1 Target system display
    2 Monitor
    3 Serial port
    <Ctrl><Alt> Toggle mouse and keyboard grab.


# Transferring Files

## Mounting Disk Image on Host

You may wish to mount your disk image on your host system to transfer files. To do this you will first need to find the offset of the partition you wish to mount.

    # fdisk -ul hd0.img
    ...
    128 heads, 63 sectors/track, 0 cylinders, total 0 sectors
    Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

       Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
    hd0.img1   *          63     3515903     1757920+  83  Linux
    hd0.img2         3515904     4193279      338688   82  Linux swap / Solaris

Now take the number of sectors for the beginning of the partition and multiply it by the sector size. My partition starts at sector 63 and I have a sector size of 512 therefor my offset is 32256.

    # mount -o loop,offset=32256 hd0.img /mnt/diskimage

## Having QEMU create *virtual FAT disk images*

[Manual](http://www.nongnu.org/qemu/qemu-doc.html#SEC25).

QEMU has a facility to create FAT file systems on-the-fly:

    qemu [...] -hdc fat:[somewhere]

The Hurd [[`fatfs`_translator|translator/fatfs]] currently is read-only, but
for testing executables (etc.) that is enough.  And it is much easier than
loop-mounting the file systems images.  (Also you don't need `root' rights.)

However, note that there is a bug in [[translator/fatfs]]: [[!GNU_Savannah_bug
25961]].


# Networking in QEMU

Some further notes about [[networking]] and home hints about
[[networking/sharing_files]].

## Internet Access

If you just want to access the internet from within QEMU, you can setup pfinet for QEMU's user-networking:

    # settrans -afgp /servers/socket/2 /hurd/pfinet -i eth0 -a 10.0.2.15 -g 10.0.2.2 -m 255.255.255.0
    # echo "nameserver 10.0.2.3" > /etc/resolv.conf

Alternately DHCP does work now: dhclient eth0

To get ssh working: apt-get install random-egd openssh-server (Similarly for telnet if preferred)

(See also <http://www.nongnu.org/qemu/qemu-doc.html#SEC32>.)

Outgoing internet connections should just work then.
Testing it can be difficult with a minimal installation,
but `apt-get update` should work after you have filled out
`/etc/apt/sources.list`.
After that you should be able to install other network packages,
but note that `ping` doesn't work with QEMU's user-networking stack.

If you want to connect from the host system to the Hurd system running in QEMU, you can use port forwarding in QEMU or to setup something more advanced, like bridged networking.

## Port Forwarding in QEMU
(In the following we assume we use kvm!)

#### Contacting Hurd from a terminal in  your host system
This is the recommended way to work with a CLI since you have all your
keyboard and locale settings are preserved.

a) with ssh
    $ kvm -m 1024 -net nic,model=rtl8139 -net user,hostfwd=tcp::5555-:22 -hda hurd-install.kvm &

Contacting the running Hurd:
    $ ssh -p5555 localhost
Copying files:
    1) On your host
    To Hurd:   scp -p -P5555 file localhost:
    From Hurd: scp -p -P5555 localhost:file .
    2) On Hurd
    To host:   scp -p file {10.0.2.2,your_host_ip}: .
    From host: scp -p {10.0.2.2,your_host_ip}:file .

b) with telnet
    $ kvm -m 1024 -net nic,model=rtl8139 -net user,hostfwd=tcp::5556-:23 -hda hurd-install.qemu &
Contacting the running Hurd:
    $ telnet localhost 5556

c) With the tap interface, see below.

## Bridged Networking

### What is Needed

1. Your Linux kernel will need 802.1d Ethernet Bridging support and TUN/TAP device driver support.
2. You will need to install [bridge-utils](http://bridge.sourceforge.net).


### Setting Up the Host Bridge

You need to setup a bridge on the host first. This assumes `eth0` is down. I have modified my hosts network startup scripts to automatically setup a bridge, you may want to do this also.

    # brctl addbr br0
    # ifconfig eth0 0.0.0.0 promisc up
    # brctl addif br0 eth0

At this point you will need to setup `br0` as you would normally `eth0` (`dhcpcd br0` for example).

### The qemu-ifup Script

This script gets called when QEMU starts and will attach the tun device to the bridge. QEMU will look for this file at `/etc/qemu-ifup` and that is where I keep mine.

    #!/bin/sh
    sudo ifconfig $1 0.0.0.0 promisc up
    sudo brctl addif br0 $1


### Setting up the Network in the Hurd

Now it is time to start-up your QEMU Hurd system and get networking going in there.

**Important:** Remember you may need to use the `-M isapc` or `-isa` flag if using an older version of the gnumach package.

    $ qemu -hda hd0.img -cdrom debian-K9-hurd-i386-CD1.iso -fda floppy.img -boot a -net nic -net tap

Once you have logged in as `root` run the `pfinet` translator with values that apply to your network. Think of your QEMU client as another computer in your network.

    # settrans -fgap /servers/socket/2 /hurd/pfinet -i eth0 -a xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx -g xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx -m xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx

That should do it! Do not forget to edit/update `/etc/resolv.conf` to get DNS working.


# Related Links

These are links that users may find helpful.

Debian [[debian/after_install]] -- good source of information pertaining to your
system after installation.

[[Image_for_L4]] -- a QEMU image for the Hurd/L4 project.

<http://eyeside.net/hurd/Hurd-on-QEMU.html>