1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
|
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/strict.dtd">
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>The GNU Hurd - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</TITLE>
<LINK REV="made" HREF="mailto:web-hurd@gnu.org">
<META NAME="keywords" CONTENT="hurd">
</HEAD>
<BODY BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#000000" LINK="#1F00FF" ALINK="#FF0000" VLINK="#9900DD">
<TABLE width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="15">
<TR>
<TD COLSPAN="2">
<IMG SRC="/graphics/hurd_sm_mf.jpg" ALT=" [image of the Hurd logo] ">
[
<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical -->
<!-- PLEASE UPDATE THE LIST AT THE BOTTOM (OR TOP) OF THE PAGE TOO! -->
<A HREF="/software/hurd/hurd-talk.html">English</A>
]
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP" BGCOLOR="#eeeeee">
<A HREF="/software/hurd/whatsnew.html"><STRONG>What's New</STRONG></A><BR>
<BR>
<A HREF="/software/hurd/changelogs.html">ChangeLogs</A><BR>
<br>
<a href="/software/hurd/docs.html">Documentation</a><br>
<P>
<A HREF="/software/hurd/hurd.html"><STRONG>GNU Hurd</STRONG></A><BR>
<BR>
<A HREF="/software/hurd/install.html">Installation</A><BR>
<A HREF="/software/hurd/help.html">Getting Help</A><BR>
<A HREF="/software/hurd/download.html">Source Code</A><BR>
<A HREF="/software/hurd/devel.html">Development</A><BR>
<A HREF="/software/hurd/history.html">History</A><BR>
<BR>
<A HREF="/software/hurd/gnumach.html"><STRONG>GNU Mach</STRONG></A><BR>
<BR>
<A HREF="/software/hurd/gnumach-install.html">Installation</A><BR>
<A HREF="/software/hurd/gnumach-download.html">Source Code</A><BR>
<BR>
<A HREF="/software/hurd/mig.html"><STRONG>GNU MIG</STRONG></A><BR>
<BR>
<A HREF="/software/hurd/mig-download.html">Source Code</A><BR>
<BR>
<A HREF="/software/hurd/related-projects.html"><STRONG>Related Projects</STRONG></A>
</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP">
<HR>
<H4><A NAME="contents">Table of Contents</A></H4>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="#int" NAME="TOCint">Introduction</A>
<LI><A HREF="#ove" NAME="TOCove">Overview</A>
<LI><A HREF="#his" NAME="TOChis">Historicals</A>
<LI><A HREF="#ker" NAME="TOCker">Kernel Architectures</A>
<LI><A HREF="#mic" NAME="TOCmic">Micro vs Monolithic</A>
<LI><A HREF="#sin" NAME="TOCsin">Single Server vs Multi Server</A>
<LI><A HREF="#mul" NAME="TOCmul">Multi Server is superior, ...</A>
<LI><A HREF="#the" NAME="TOCthe">The Hurd even more so.</A>
<LI><A HREF="#mac" NAME="TOCmac">Mach Inter Process Communication</A>
<LI><A HREF="#how" NAME="TOChow">How to get a port?</A>
<LI><A HREF="#exa" NAME="TOCexa">Example of <SAMP>hurd_file_name_lookup</SAMP></A>
<LI><A HREF="#pat" NAME="TOCpat">Pathname resolution example</A>
<LI><A HREF="#map" NAME="TOCmap">Mapping the POSIX Interface</A>
<LI><A HREF="#filser" NAME="TOCfilser">File System Servers</A>
<LI><A HREF="#act" NAME="TOCact">Active vs Passive</A>
<LI><A HREF="#aut" NAME="TOCaut">Authentication</A>
<LI><A HREF="#ope" NAME="TOCope">Operations on authentication ports</A>
<LI><A HREF="#est" NAME="TOCest">Establishing trusted connections</A>
<LI><A HREF="#pas" NAME="TOCpas">Password Server</A>
<LI><A HREF="#pro" NAME="TOCpro">Process Server</A>
<LI><A HREF="#filsys" NAME="TOCfilsys">Filesystems</A>
<LI><A HREF="#dev" NAME="TOCdev">Developing the Hurd</A>
<LI><A HREF="#sto" NAME="TOCsto">Store Abstraction</A>
<LI><A HREF="#deb" NAME="TOCdeb">Debian GNU/Hurd</A>
<LI><A HREF="#stabin" NAME="TOCstabin">Status of the Debian GNU/Hurd binary archive</A>
<LI><A HREF="#stainf" NAME="TOCstainf">Status of the Debian infrastructure</A>
<LI><A HREF="#staarc" NAME="TOCstaarc">Status of the Debian Source archive</A>
<LI><A HREF="#debide" NAME="TOCdebide">Debian GNU/Hurd: Good idea, bad idea?</A>
<LI><A HREF="#end" NAME="TOCend">End</A>
</UL>
<HR>
<H3>Talk about the Hurd</H3>
<P>
This talk about the Hurd was written by Marcus Brinkmann for
<UL>
<LI>OSDEM, Brussels, 4. Feb 2001,
<LI>Frühjahrsfachgespräche, Cologne, 2. Mar 2001 and
<LI>Libre Software Meeting, Bordeaux, 4. Jul 2001.
</UL>
<H4><A HREF="#TOCint" NAME="int">Introduction</A></H4>
<P>
When we talk about free software, we usually refer to the free
software licenses. We also need relief from software patents, so our
freedom is not restricted by them. But there is a third type of
freedom we need, and that's user freedom.
<P>
Expert users don't take a system as it is. They like to change the
configuration, and they want to run the software that works best for
them. That includes window managers as well as your favourite text
editor. But even on a GNU/Linux system consisting only of free
software, you can not easily use the filesystem format, network
protocol or binary format you want without special privileges. In
traditional unix systems, user freedom is severly restricted by the
system administrator.
<P>
The Hurd removes these restrictions from the user. It provides an
user extensible system framework without giving up POSIX compatibility
and the unix security model. Throughout this talk, we will see that
this brings further advantages beside freedom.
<H4><A HREF="#TOCove" NAME="ove">Overview</A></H4>
<TABLE BORDER="1" CELLPADDING="5" WIDTH="100%"><TR><TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">
<P>
The Hurd is a POSIX compatible multi-server
system operating on top of the GNU Mach microkernel.
<P>
Topics:
<UL>
<LI>GNU Mach</LI>
<LI>The Hurd</LI>
<LI>Development</LI>
<LI>Debian GNU/Hurd</LI>
</UL>
</TD></TR></TABLE>
<P>
The Hurd is a POSIX compatible multi-server system operating on top of
the GNU Mach Microkernel.
<P>
I will have to explain what GNU Mach is, so we start with that. Then
I will talk about the Hurd's architecture. After that, I will give a
short overview on the Hurd libraries. Finally, I will tell you how
the Debian project is related to the Hurd.
<H4><A HREF="#TOChis" NAME="his">Historicals</A></H4>
<TABLE BORDER="1" CELLPADDING="5" WIDTH="100%">
<TR><TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">
<UL>
<LI>1983: Richard Stallman founds the GNU project.</LI>
<LI>1988: Decision is made to use Mach 3.0 as the kernel.</LI>
<LI>1991: Mach 3.0 is released under compatible license.</LI>
<LI>1991: Thomas Bushnell, BSG, founds the Hurd project.</LI>
<LI>1994: The Hurd boots the first time.</LI>
<LI>1997: Version 0.2 of the Hurd is released.<BR><BR></LI>
<LI>1998: Debian hurd-i386 archive is created.</LI>
<LI>2001: Debian GNU/Hurd snapshot fills three CD images.</LI>
</UL>
</TD></TR></TABLE>
<P>
When Richard Stallman founded the GNU project in 1983, he wanted to
write an operating system consisting only of free software. Very
soon, a lot of the essential tools were implemented, and released
under the GPL. However, one critical piece was missing: The kernel.
<P>
After considering several alternatives, it was decided not to write a
new kernel from scratch, but to start with the Mach microkernel. This
was in 1988, and it was not before 1991 that Mach was released under a
license allowing the GNU project to distribute it as a part of the
system.
<P>
In 1998, I started the Debian GNU/Hurd project, and in 2001 the number
of available GNU/Hurd packages fills three CD images.
<H4><A HREF="#TOCker" NAME="ker">Kernel Architectures</A></H4>
<TABLE BORDER="1" CELLPADDING="5" WIDTH="100%"><TR><TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">
<P>
Microkernel:
<UL>
<LI>Enforces resource management (paging, scheduling)</LI>
<LI>Manages tasks</LI>
<LI>Implements message passing for IPC</LI>
<LI>Provides basic hardware support</LI>
</UL>
<P>
Monolithic kernel:
<UL>
<LI>No message passing necessary</LI>
<LI>Rich set of features (filesystems, authentication, network
sockets, POSIX interface, ...)</LI>
</UL>
</TD></TR></TABLE>
<P>
Microkernels were very popular in the scientific world around that
time. They don't implement a full operating system, but only the
infrastructure needed to enable other tasks to implement most
features. In contrast, monolithical kernels like Linux contain
program code of device drivers, network protocols, process management,
authentication, file systems, POSIX compatible interfaces and much
more.
<P>
So what are the basic facilities a microkernel provides? In general,
this is resource management and message passing. Resource management,
because the kernel task needs to run in a special privileged mode of
the processor, to be able to manipulate the memory management unit and
perform context switches (also to manage interrupts). Message
passing, because without a basic communication facility the other
tasks could not interact to provide the system services. Some
rudimentary hardware device support is often necessary to bootstrap
the system. So the basic jobs of a microkernel are enforcing the
paging policy (the actual paging can be done by an external pager
task), scheduling, message passing and probably basic hardware device
support.
<P>
Mach was the obvious choice back then, as it provides a rich set of
interfaces to get the job done. Beside a rather brain-dead device
interface, it provides tasks and threads, a messaging system allowing
synchronous and asynchronous operation and a complex interface for
external pagers. It's certainly not one of the sexiest microkernels
that exist today, but more like a big old mama. The GNU project
maintains its own version of Mach, called GNU Mach, which is based on
Mach 4.0. In addition to the features contained in Mach 4.0, the GNU
version contains many of the Linux 2.0 block device and network card
drivers.
<P>
A complete treatment of the differences between a microkernel and
monolithical kernel design can not be provided here. But a couple of
advantages of a microkernel design are fairly obvious.
<H4><A HREF="#TOCmic" NAME="mic">Micro vs Monolithic</A></H4>
<TABLE BORDER="1" CELLPADDING="5" WIDTH="100%"><TR><TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">
<P>
Microkernel
<UL>
<LI>Clear cut responsibilities
<LI>Flexibility in operating system design, easier debugging</LI>
<LI>More stability (less code to break)</LI>
<LI>New features are not added to the kernel</LI>
</UL>
<P>
Monolithic kernel
<UL>
<LI>Intolerance or creeping featuritis</LI>
<LI>Danger of spaghetti code</LI>
<LI>Small changes can have far reaching side effects</LI>
</UL>
</TD></TR></TABLE>
<P>
Because the system is split up into several components, clean
interfaces have to be developed, and the responsibilities of each part
of the system must be clear.
<P>
Once a microkernel is written, it can be used as the base for several
different operating systems. Those can even run in parallel which
makes debugging easier. When porting, most of the hardware dependant
code is in the kernel.
<P>
Much of the code that doesn't need to run in the special kernel mode
of the processor is not part of the kernel, so stability increases
because there is simply less code to break.
<P>
New features are not added to the kernel, so there is no need to hold
the barrier high for new operating system features.
<P>
Compare this to a monolithical kernel, where you either suffer from
creeping featuritis or you are intolerant of new features (we see both
in the Linux kernel).
<P>
Because in a monolithical kernel, all parts of the kernel can access
all data structures in other parts, it is more likely that short cuts
are used to avoid the overhead of a clean interface. This leads to a
simple speed up of the kernel, but also makes it less comprehensible
and more error prone. A small change in one part of the kernel can
break remote other parts.
<H4><A HREF="#TOCsin" NAME="sin">Single Server vs Multi Server</A></H4>
<TABLE BORDER="1" CELLPADDING="5" WIDTH="100%"><TR><TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">
<P>
Single Server
<UL>
<LI>A single task implements the functionality of the operating system.</LI>
</UL>
<P>
Multi Server
<UL>
<LI>Many tasks cooperate to provide the system's functionality.</LI>
<LI>One server provides only a small but well-defined part of the
whole system.</LI>
<LI>The responsibilities are distributed logically among the servers.</LI>
</UL>
<P>
A single-server system is comparable to a monolithic kernel system. It
has similar
advantages and disadvantages.
</TD></TR></TABLE>
<P>
There exist a couple of operating systems based on Mach, but they all
have the same disadvantages as a monolithical kernel, because those
operating systems are implemented in one single process running on top
of the kernel. This process provides all the services a monolithical
kernel would provide. This doesn't make a whole lot of sense (the
only advantage is that you can probably run several of such isolated
single servers on the same machine). Those systems are also called
single-server systems. The Hurd is the only usable multi-server
system on top of Mach. In the Hurd, there are many server programs,
each one responsible for a unique service provided by the operating
system. These servers run as Mach tasks, and communicate using the
Mach message passing facilities. One of them does only provide a
small part of the functionality of the system, but together they build
up a complete and functional POSIX compatible operating system.
<H4><A HREF="#TOCmul" NAME="mul">Multi Server is superior, ...</A></H4>
<TABLE BORDER="1" CELLPADDING="5" WIDTH="100%"><TR><TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">
<P>
Any multi-server has advantages over single-server:
<UL>
<LI>Clear cut responsibilities</LI>
<LI>More stability: If one server dies, all others remain</LI>
<LI>Easier development cycle: Testing without reboot (or replacing
running servers), debugging with gdb</LI>
<LI>Easier to make changes and add new features
</UL>
</TD></TR></TABLE>
<P>
Using several servers has many advantages, if done right. If a file
system server for a mounted partition crashes, it doesn't take down
the whole system. Instead the partition is "unmounted", and
you can try to start the server again, probably debugging it this time
with gdb. The system is less prone to errors in individual
components, and over-all stability increases. The functionality of
the system can be extended by writing and starting new servers
dynamically. (Developing these new servers is easier for the reasons
just mentioned.)
<P>
But even in a multi-server system the barrier between the system and
the users remains, and special privileges are needed to cross it. We
have not achieved user freedom yet.
<H4><A HREF="#TOCthe" NAME="the">The Hurd even more so.</A></H4>
<TABLE BORDER="1" CELLPADDING="5" WIDTH="100%"><TR><TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">
<P>
The Hurd goes beyond all this, and allows users to write and run their
servers, too!
<UL>
<LI>Users can replace system servers dynamically with their own
implementations.</LI>
<LI>Users can decide what parts of the remainder of the system they
want to use.</LI>
<LI>Users can extend the functionality of the system.</LI>
<LI>No mutual trust necessary to make use of other users
services.</LI>
<LI>Security of the system is not harmed by trusting users
services.</LI>
</UL>
</TD></TR></TABLE>
<P>
To quote Thomas Bushnell, BSG, from his paper
<A HREF="/software/hurd/hurd-paper.html">``A new strategy towards OS
design'' (1996)</A>:
<BLOCKQUOTE>
The GNU Hurd, by contrast, is designed to make the area of system code
as limited as possible. Programs are required to communicate only
with a few essential parts of the kernel; the rest of the system is
replaceable dynamically. Users can use whatever parts of the
remainder of the system they want, and can easily add components
themselves for other users to take advantage of. No mutual trust need
exist in advance for users to use each other's services, nor does the
system become vulnerable by trusting the services of arbitrary users.
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>
<EM>So the Hurd is a set of servers running on top of the Mach
micro-kernel, providing a POSIX compatible and extensible operating
system. What servers are there? What functionality do they provide,
and how do they cooperate?</EM>
<H4><A HREF="#TOCmac" NAME="mac">Mach Inter Process Communication</A></H4>
<TABLE BORDER="1" CELLPADDING="5" WIDTH="100%"><TR><TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">
<P>
Ports are message queues which can be used as one-way communication
channels.
<UL>
<LI>Port rights are receive, send or send-once</LI>
<LI>Exactly one receiver</LI>
<LI>Potentially many senders</LI>
</UL>
<P>
MIG provides remote procedure calls on top of Mach IPC. RPCs look like
function calls to the user.
</TD></TR></TABLE>
<P>
Inter-process communication in Mach is based on the ports concept. A
port is a message queue, used as a one-way communication channel. In
addition to a port, you need a port right, which can be a send right,
receive right, or send-once right. Depending on the port right, you
are allowed to send messages to the server, receive messages from it,
or send just one single message.
<P>
For every port, there exists exactly one task holding the receive
right, but there can be no or many senders. The send-once right is
useful for clients expecting a response message. They can give a
send-once right to the reply port along with the message. The kernel
guarantees that at some point, a message will be received on the reply
port (this can be a notification that the server destroyed the
send-once right).
<P>
You don't need to know much about the format a message takes to be
able to use the Mach IPC. The Mach interface generator mig hides the
details of composing and sending a message, as well as receiving the
reply message. To the user, it just looks like a function call, but
in truth the message could be sent over a network to a server running
on a different computer. The set of remote procedure calls a server
provides is the public interface of this server.
<H4><A HREF="#TOChow" NAME="how">How to get a port?</A></H4>
<TABLE BORDER="1" CELLPADDING="5" WIDTH="100%"><TR><TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">
<P>
Traditional Mach:
<UL>
<LI>Nameserver provides ports to all registered servers.</LI>
<LI>The nameserver port itself is provided by Mach.</LI>
<LI>Like a phone book: One list.</LI>
</UL>
<P>
The Hurd:
<UL>
<LI>The filesystem is used as the server namespace.</LI>
<LI>Root directory port is inserted into each task.</LI>
<LI>The C library finds other ports with hurd_file_name_lookup,
performing a pathname resolution.</LI>
<LI>Like a tree of phone books.</LI>
</UL>
</TD></TR></TABLE>
<P>
So how does one get a port to a server? You need something like a
phone book for server ports, or otherwise you can only talk to
yourself. In the original Mach system, a special nameserver is
dedicated to that job. A task could get a port to the nameserver from
the Mach kernel and ask it for a port (with send right) to a server
that registered itself with the nameserver at some earlier time.
<P>
In the Hurd, there is no nameserver. Instead, the filesystem is used
as the server namespace. This works because there is always a root
filesystem in the Hurd (remember that the Hurd is a POSIX compatible
system); this is an assumption the people who developed Mach couldn't
make, so they had to choose a different strategy. You can use the
function hurd_file_name_lookup, which is part of the C library, to get
a port to the server belonging to a filename. Then you can start to
send messages to the server in the usual way.
<H4><A HREF="#TOCexa" NAME="exa">Example of <SAMP>hurd_file_name_lookup</SAMP></A></H4>
<TABLE BORDER="1" CELLPADDING="5" WIDTH="100%"><TR><TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT"><PRE>
mach_port_t identity;
mach_port_t pwserver;
kern_return_t err;
pwserver = hurd_file_name_lookup
("/servers/password");
err = password_check_user (pwserver,
0 /* root */, "supass",
&identity);
</PRE></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P>
As a concrete example, the special filename
<SAMP>/servers/password</SAMP> can be used to request a port to the
Hurd password server, which is responsible to check user provided
passwords.
<P>
(explanation of the example)
<H4><A HREF="#TOCpat" NAME="pat">Pathname resolution example</A></H4>
<TABLE BORDER="1" CELLPADDING="5" WIDTH="100%"><TR><TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">
<P>
Task: Lookup /mnt/readme.txt where /mnt has a mounted filesystem.
<UL>
<LI>The C library asks the root filesystem server about
<SAMP>/mnt/readme.txt</SAMP>.</LI>
<LI>The root filesystem returns a port to the mnt filesystem server
(matching <SAMP>/mnt</SAMP>) and the retry name
<SAMP>/readme.txt</SAMP>.</LI>
<LI>The C library asks the mnt filesystem server about
<SAMP>/readme.txt</SAMP>.</LI>
<LI>The mnt filesystem server returns a port to itself and records
that this port refers to the regular file
<SAMP>/readme.txt</SAMP>.</LI>
</UL>
</TD></TR></TABLE>
<P>
The C library itself does not have a full list of all available
servers. Instead pathname resolution is used to traverse through a
tree of servers. In fact, filesystems themselves are implemented by
servers (let us ignore the chicken and egg problem here). So all the
C library can do is to ask the root filesystem server about the
filename provided by the user (assuming that the user wants to resolve
an absolute path), using the <SAMP>dir_lookup</SAMP> RPC. If the
filename refers to a regular file or directory on the filesystem, the
root filesystem server just returns a port to itself and records that
this port corresponds to the file or directory in question. But if a
prefix of the full path matches the path of a server the root
filesystem knows about, it returns to the C library a port to this
server and the remaining part of the pathname that couldn't be
resolved. The C library than has to retry and query the other server
about the remaining path component. Eventually, the C library will
either know that the remaining path can't be resolved by the last
server in the list, or get a valid port to the server in question.
<H4><A HREF="#TOCmap" NAME="map">Mapping the POSIX Interface</A></H4>
<TABLE BORDER="1" CELLPADDING="5" WIDTH="100%"><TR><TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">
<TABLE BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="10">
<TR>
<TH>Filedescriptor</TH>
<TH>Port to server providing the file</TH>
</TR><TR>
<TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT"><SAMP>fd = open(name,...)</SAMP></TD>
<TD VALIGN="TOP"
ALIGN="LEFT"><SAMP>dir_lookup(..,name,..,&port)</SAMP><BR>
[pathname resolution]</TD>
</TR><TR>
<TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT"><SAMP>read(fd, ...)</SAMP></TD>
<TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT"><SAMP>io_read(port, ...)</SAMP></TD>
</TR><TR>
<TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT"><SAMP>write(fd, ...)</SAMP></TD>
<TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT"><SAMP>io_write(port, ...)</SAMP></TD>
</TR><TR>
<TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT"><SAMP>fstat(fd, ...)</SAMP></TD>
<TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT"><SAMP>io_stat(port, ...)</SAMP></TD>
</TR><TR>
<TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">...</TD><TD></TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
</TD></TR></TABLE>
<P>
It should by now be obvious that the port returned by the server can
be used to query the files status, content and other information from
the server, if good remote procedure calls to do that are defined and
implemented by it. This is exactly what happens. Whenever a file is
opened using the C libraries <SAMP>open()</SAMP> call, the C library
uses the above pathname resolution to get a port to a server providing
the file. Then it wraps a file descriptor around it. So in the Hurd,
for every open file descriptor there is a port to a server providing
this file. Many other C library calls like <SAMP>read()</SAMP> and
<SAMP>write()</SAMP> just call a corresponding RPC using the port
associated with the file descriptor.
<H4><A HREF="#TOCfilser" NAME="filser">File System Servers</A></H4>
<TABLE BORDER="1" CELLPADDING="5" WIDTH="100%"><TR><TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">
<UL>
<LI>Provide file and directory services for ports (and more).</LI>
<LI>These ports are returned by a directory lookup.</LI>
<LI>Translate filesystem accesses through their root path (hence the
name translator).</LI>
<LI>The C library maps the POSIX file and directory interface (and
more) to RPCs to the filesystem servers ports, but also does work on
its own.</LI>
<LI>Any user can install file system servers on inodes they own.</LI>
</UL>
</TD></TR></TABLE>
<P>
So we don't have a single phone book listing all servers, but rather a
tree of servers keeping track of each other. That's really like
calling your friend and asking for the phone number of the blond girl
at the party yesterday. He might refer you to a friend who hopefully
knows more about it. Then you have to retry.
<P>
This mechanism has huge advantages over a single nameserver. First,
note that standard unix permissions on directories can be used to
restrict access to a server (this requires that the filesystems
providing those directories behave). You just have to set the
permissions of a parent directory accordingly and provide no other way
to get a server port.
<P>
But there are much deeper implications. Most of all, a pathname never
directly refers to a file, it refers to a port of a server. That
means that providing a regular file with static data is just one of
the many options the server has to service requests on the file port.
A server can also create the data dynamically. For example, a server
associated with <SAMP>/dev/random</SAMP> can provide new random data
on every <SAMP>io_read()</SAMP> on the port to it. A server
associated with <SAMP>/dev/fortune</SAMP> can provide a new fortune
cookie on every <SAMP>open()</SAMP>.
<P>
While a regular filesystem server will just serve the data as stored
in a filesystem on disk, there are servers providing purely virtual
information, or a mixture of both. It is up to the server to behave
and provide consistent and useful data on each remote procedure call.
If it does not, the results may not match the expectations of the user
and confuse him.
<P>
A footnote from the Hurd info manual:
<BLOCKQUOTE>
(1) You are lost in a maze of twisty little filesystems, all
alike....
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>
Because a server installed in the filesystem namespace translates all
filesystem operations that go through its root path, such a server is
also called "active translator". You can install translators using
the settrans command with the <SAMP>-a</SAMP> option.
<H4><A HREF="#TOCact" NAME="act">Active vs Passive</A></H4>
<TABLE BORDER="1" CELLPADDING="5" WIDTH="100%"><TR><TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">
<P>
Active Translators:
<UL>
<LI>"<SAMP>settrans -a /cdrom /hurd/isofs /dev/hd2</SAMP>"</LI>
<LI>Are running filesystem servers.</LI>
<LI>Are attached to the root node they translate.</LI>
<LI>Run as a normal process.</LI>
<LI>Go away with every reboot, or even time out.</LI>
</UL>
</TD></TR></TABLE>
<P>
Many translator settings remain constant for a long time. It would be
very lame to always repeat the same couple of dozens settrans calls
manually or at boot time. So the Hurd provides a filesystem extension
that allows to store translator settings inside the filesystem and let
the filesystem servers do the work to start those servers on demand.
Such translator settings are called "passive translators". A passive
translator is really just a command line string stored in an inode of
the filesystem. If during a pathname resolution a server encounters
such a passive translator, and no active translator does exist already
(for this node), it will use this string to start up a new translator
for this inode, and then let the C library continue with the path
resolution as described above. Passive translators are installed with
settrans using the <SAMP>-p</SAMP> option (which is already the
default).
<TABLE BORDER="1" CELLPADDING="5" WIDTH="100%"><TR><TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">
<P>
Passive Translators:
<UL>
<LI>"<SAMP>settrans /mnt /hurd/ext2fs /dev/hd1s1</SAMP>"</LI>
<LI>Are stored as command strings into an inode.</LI>
<LI>Are used to start a new active translator if there isn't
one.</LI>
<LI>Startup is transparent to the user.</LI>
<LI>Startup happens the first time the server is needed.</LI>
<LI>Are permanent across reboots (like file data).</LI>
</UL>
</TD></TR></TABLE>
<P>
So passive translators also serve as a sort of automounting feature,
because no manual interaction is required. The server start up is
deferred until the service is need, and it is transparent to the user.
<P>
When starting up a passive translator, it will run as a normal process
with the same user and group id as those of the underlying inode. Any
user is allowed to install passive and active translators on inodes
that he owns. This way the user can install new servers into the
global namespace (for example, in his home or tmp directory) and thus
extend the functionality of the system (recall that servers can
implement other remote procedure calls beside those used for files and
directories). A careful design of the trusted system servers makes
sure that no permissions leak out.
<P>
In addition, users can provide their own implementations of some of
the system servers instead the system default. For example, they can
use their own exec server to start processes. The user specific exec
server could for example start java programs transparently (without
invoking the interpreter manually). This is done by setting the
environment variable <SAMP>EXECSERVERS</SAMP>. The systems default
exec server will evaluate this environment variable and forward the
RPC to each of the servers listed in turn, until some server accepts
it and takes over. The system default exec server will only do this
if there are no security implications. (XXX There are other ways to
start new programs than by using the system exec server. Those are
still available.)
<P>
Let's take a closer look at some of the Hurd servers. It was already
mentioned that only few system servers are mandatory for users. To
establish your identity within the Hurd system, you have to
communicate with the trusted systems authentication server
<SAMP>auth</SAMP>. To put the system administrator into control over
the system components, the process server does some global
bookkeeping.
<P>
But even these servers can be ignored. However, registration with the
authentication server is the only way to establish your identity
towards other system servers. Likewise, only tasks registered as
processes with the process server can make use of its services.
<H4><A HREF="#TOCaut" NAME="aut">Authentication</A></H4>
<TABLE BORDER="1" CELLPADDING="5" WIDTH="100%"><TR><TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">
<P>
A user identity is just a port to an authserver. The auth server
stores four set of ids for it:
<UL>
<LI>effective user ids</LI>
<LI>effective group ids</LI>
<LI>available user ids</LI>
<LI>available group ids</LI>
</UL>
<P>
Basic properties:
<UL>
<LI>Any of these can be empty.</LI>
<LI>A 0 among the user ids identifies the superuser.</LI>
<LI>Effective ids are used to check if the user has the
permission.</LI>
<LI>Available ids can be turned into effective ids on user
request.</LI>
</UL>
</TD></TR></TABLE>
<P>
The Hurd auth server is used to establish the identity of a user for a
server. Such an identity (which is just a port to the auth server)
consists of a set of effective user ids, a set of effective group ids,
a set of available user ids and a set of available group ids. Any of
these sets can be empty.
<H4><A HREF="#TOCope" NAME="ope">Operations on authentication ports</A></H4>
<TABLE BORDER="1" CELLPADDING="5" WIDTH="100%"><TR><TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">
<P>
The auth server provides the following operations on ports:
<UL>
<LI>Merge the ids of two ports into a new one.</LI>
<LI>Return a new port containing a subset of the ids in a port.</LI>
<LI>Create a new port with arbitrary ids (superuser only).</LI>
<LI>Establish a trusted connection between users and servers.</LI>
</UL>
</TD></TR></TABLE>
<P>
If you have two identities, you can merge them and request an identity
consisting of the unions of the sets from the auth server. You can
also create a new identity consisting only of subsets of an identity
you already have. What you can't do is extending your sets, unless
you are the superuser which is denoted by having the user id 0.
<H4><A HREF="#TOCest" NAME="est">Establishing trusted connections</A></H4>
<TABLE BORDER="1" CELLPADDING="5" WIDTH="100%"><TR><TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">
<UL>
<LI>User provides a rendezvous port to the server (with
<SAMP>io_reauthenticate</SAMP>).</LI>
<LI>User calls <SAMP>auth_user_authenticate</SAMP> on the
authentication port (his identity), passing the rendezvous port.</LI>
<LI>Server calls <SAMP>auth_server_authenticate</SAMP> on its
authentication port (to a trusted auth server), passing the
rendezvous port and the server port.</LI>
<LI>If both authentication servers are the same, it can match the
rendezvous ports and return the server port to the user and the user
ids to the server.</LI>
</UL>
</TD></TR></TABLE>
<P>
Finally, the auth server can establish the identity of a user for a
server. This is done by exchanging a server port and a user identity
if both match the same rendezvous port. The server port will be
returned to the user, while the server is informed about the id sets
of the user. The server can then serve or reject subsequent RPCs by
the user on the server port, based on the identity it received from
the auth server.
<P>
Anyone can write a server conforming to the auth protocol, but of
course all system servers use a trusted system auth server to
establish the identity of a user. If the user is not using the system
auth server, matching the rendezvous port will fail and no server port
will be returned to the user. Because this practically requires all
programs to use the same auth server, the system auth server is
minimal in every respect, and additional functionality is moved
elsewhere, so user freedom is not unnecessarily restricted.
<H4><A HREF="#TOCpas" NAME="pas">Password Server</A></H4>
<TABLE BORDER="1" CELLPADDING="5" WIDTH="100%"><TR><TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">
<P>
The password server <SAMP>/servers/password</SAMP> runs as root and
returns a new authentication port in exchange for a unix password.
<P>
The ids corresponding to the authentication port match the unix user
and group ids.
<P>
Support for shadow passwords is implemented here.
</TD></TR></TABLE>
<P>
The password server sits at <SAMP>/servers/password</SAMP> and runs as
root. It can hand out ports to the auth server in exchange for a unix
password, matching it against the password or shadow file. Several
utilities make use of this server, so they don't need to be setuid
root.
<H4><A HREF="#TOCpro" NAME="pro">Process Server</A></H4>
<TABLE BORDER="1" CELLPADDING="5" WIDTH="100%"><TR><TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">
<P>
The superuser must remain control over user tasks, so:
<UL>
<LI>All mach tasks are associated with a PID in the system default
proc server.</LI>
</UL>
<P>
Optionally, user tasks can store:
<UL>
<LI>Their environment variables.</LI>
<LI>Their argument vector.</LI>
<LI>A port, which others can request based on the PID (like a
nameserver).</LI>
</UL>
<P>
Also implemented in the proc server:
<UL>
<LI>Sessions and process groups.</LI>
<LI>Global configuration not in Mach, like hostname, hostid, system
version.</LI>
</UL>
</TD></TR></TABLE>
<P>
The process server is responsible for some global bookkeeping. As
such it has to be trusted and is not replaceable by the user.
However, a user is not required to use any of its service. In that
case the user will not be able to take advantage of the POSIXish
appearance of the Hurd.
<P>
The Mach Tasks are not as heavy as POSIX processes. For example,
there is no concept of process groups or sessions in Mach. The proc
server fills in the gap. It provides a PID for all Mach tasks, and
also stores the argument line, environment variables and other
information about a process (if the mach tasks provide them, which is
usually the case if you start a process with the default
<SAMP>fork()</SAMP>/<SAMP>exec()</SAMP>). A process can also register
a message port with the proc server, which can then be requested by
anyone. So the proc server also functions as a nameserver using the
process id as the name.
<P>
The proc server also stores some other miscellaneous information not
provided by Mach, like the hostname, hostid and system version.
Finally, it provides facilities to group processes and their ports
together, as well as to convert between pids, process server ports and
mach task ports.
<TABLE BORDER="1" CELLPADDING="5" WIDTH="100%"><TR><TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">
<P>
User tasks not registering themselve with proc only have a PID assigned.
<P>
Users can run their own proc server in addition to the system default,
at least for those parts of the interface that don't require superuser
privileges.
</TD></TR></TABLE>
<P>
Although the system default proc server can't be avoided (all Mach
tasks spawned by users will get a pid assigned, so the system
administrator can control them), users can run their own additional
process servers if they want, implementing the features not requiring
superuser privileges.
<H4><A HREF="#TOCfilsys" NAME="filsys">Filesystems</A></H4>
<TABLE BORDER="1" CELLPADDING="5" WIDTH="100%"><TR><TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">
<P>
Store based filesystems
<UL>
<LI><SAMP>ext2fs</SAMP></LI>
<LI><SAMP>ufs</SAMP></LI>
<LI><SAMP>isofs</SAMP> (iso9660, RockRidge, GNU extensions)</LI>
<LI><SAMP>fatfs</SAMP> (under development)</LI>
</UL>
<P>
Network file systems
<UL>
<LI><SAMP>nfs</SAMP></LI>
<LI><SAMP>ftpfs</SAMP></LI>
</UL>
<P>
Miscellaneous
<UL>
<LI><SAMP>hostmux</SAMP></LI>
<LI><SAMP>usermux</SAMP></LI>
<LI><SAMP>tmpfs</SAMP> (under development)</LI>
</UL>
</TD></TR></TABLE>
<P>
We already talked about translators and the file system service they
provide. Currently, we have translators for the ext2, ufs and iso9660
filesystems. We also have an nfs client and an ftp filesystem.
Especially the latter is intriguing, as it provides transparent access
to ftp servers in the filesystem. Programs can start to move away
from implementing a plethora of network protocols, as the files are
directly available in the filesystem through the standard POSIX file
interface.
<H4><A HREF="#TOCdev" NAME="dev">Developing the Hurd</A></H4>
<TABLE BORDER="1" CELLPADDING="5" WIDTH="100%"><TR><TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">
<P>
Over a dozen libraries support the development of new servers.
<P>
For special server types highly specialized
libraries require only the implementation of a
number of callback functions.
<UL>
<LI>Use <SAMP>libdiskfs</SAMP> for store based filesystems.</LI>
<LI>Use <SAMP>libnetfs</SAMP> for network filesystems, also for
virtual filesystems.</LI>
<LI>Use <SAMP>libtrivfs</SAMP> for simple filesystems providing only
a single file or directory.</LI>
</UL>
</TD></TR></TABLE>
<P>
The Hurd server protocols are complex enough to allow for the
implementation of a POSIX compatible system with GNU extensions.
However, a lot of code can be shared by all or at least similar
servers. For example, all storage based filesystems need to be able to
read and write to a store medium splitted in blocks. The Hurd comes
with several libraries which make it easy to implement new servers.
Also, there are already a lot of examples of different server types in
the Hurd. This makes writing a new server easier.
<P>
<SAMP>libdiskfs</SAMP> is a library that supports writing store based
filesystems like ext2fs or ufs. It is not very useful for filesystems
which are purely virtual, like <SAMP>/proc</SAMP> or files in
<SAMP>/dev</SAMP>.
<P>
<SAMP>libnetfs</SAMP> is intended for filesystems which provide a rich
directory hierarchy, but don't use a backing store (for example ftpfs,
nfs).
<P>
<SAMP>libtrivfs</SAMP> is intended for filesystems which just provide
a single inode or directory. Most servers which are not intended to
provide a filesystem but other services (like
<SAMP>/servers/password</SAMP>) use it to provide a dummy file, so
that file operations on the servers node will not return errors. But
it can also be used to provide meaningful data in a single file, like
a device store or a character device.
<H4><A HREF="#TOCsto" NAME="sto">Store Abstraction</A></H4>
<TABLE BORDER="1" CELLPADDING="5" WIDTH="100%"><TR><TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">
<P>
Another very useful library is libstore, which is used by all store
based filesystems. It provides a store media abstraction. A store
consists of a store class and a name (which itself can sometimes
contain stores).
<P>
Primitive store classes:
<UL>
<LI>device store like device:hd2, device:hd0s1, device:fd0</LI>
<LI>file store like file:/tmp/disk_image</LI>
<LI>task store like task:PID</LI>
<LI>zero store like zero:4m (like /dev/zero, of size 4 MB)</LI>
</UL>
</TD></TR></TABLE>
<TABLE BORDER="1" CELLPADDING="5" WIDTH="100%"><TR><TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">
<P>
Composed store classes:
<UL>
<LI>copy store like copy:zero:4m</LI>
<LI>gunzip/bunzip2 store like gunzip:device:fd0</LI>
<LI>concat store like concat:device:hd0s2:device:hd1s5</LI>
<LI>ileave store (RAID-0(2))</LI>
<LI>remap store like remap:10+20,50+:file:/tmp/blocks</LI>
<LI>...</LI>
</UL>
<P>
Wanted: A similar abstraction for streams (based on channels), which
can be used by network and character device servers.
</TD></TR></TABLE>
<P>
<SAMP>libstore</SAMP> provides a store abstraction, which is used by
all store based filesystems. The store is determined by a type and a
name, but some store types modify another store rather than providing
a new store, and thus stores can be stacked. For example, the device
store type expects a Mach device, but the remap store expects a list
of blocks to pick from another store, like remap:1+:device:hd2, which
would pick all blocks from hd2 but the first one, which skipped.
Because this functionality is provided in a library, all libstore
using filesystems support many different store kinds, and adding a new
store type is enough to make all store based filesystems support it.
<H4><A HREF="#TOCdeb" NAME="deb">Debian GNU/Hurd</A></H4>
<TABLE BORDER="1" CELLPADDING="5" WIDTH="100%"><TR><TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">
<P>
Goal:
<UL>
<LI>Provide a binary distribution of the Hurd that is easy to
install.</LI>
</UL>
<P>
Constraints:
<UL>
<LI>Use the same source packages as Debian GNU/Linux.</LI>
<LI>Use the same infrastructure:
<UL>
<LI>Policy</LI>
<LI>Archive</LI>
<LI>Bug tracking system</LI>
<LI>Release process</LI>
</UL></LI>
</UL>
<P>
Side Goal:
<UL>
<LI>Prepare Debian for the future:
<UL>
<LI>More flexibility in the base system</LI>
<LI>Identify dependencies on the Linux kernel</LI>
</UL></LI>
</UL>
</TD></TR></TABLE>
<P>
The Debian distribution of the GNU Hurd that I started in 1998 is
supposed to become a complete binary distribution of the Hurd that is
easy to install.
<H4><A HREF="#TOCstabin" NAME="stabin">Status of the Debian GNU/Hurd binary archive</A></H4>
<P>
See
<A HREF="http://buildd.debian.org/stats/graph.png">http://buildd.debian.org/stats/graph.png</A>
for the most current version of the statistic.
<H4><A HREF="#TOCstainf" NAME="stainf">Status of the Debian infrastructure</A></H4>
<TABLE BORDER="1" CELLPADDING="5" WIDTH="100%"><TR><TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">
<P>
Plus:
<UL>
<LI>Source packages can identify build and host OS using
dpkg-architecture.</LI>
</UL>
<P>
Minus:
<UL>
<LI>The binary architecture field is insufficient.</LI>
<LI>The BTS has no architecture tag.</LI>
<LI>The policy/FHS need (small) Hurd specific extensions.</LI>
</UL>
</TD></TR></TABLE>
<P>
While good compatibiity can be achieved at the source level,
the binary packages can not always express their relationship
to the available architectures sufficiently.
<P>
For example, the Linux version of makedev is binary-all, where
a binary-all-linux relationship would be more appropriate.
<P>
More work has to be done here to fix the tools.
<H4><A HREF="#TOCstaarc" NAME="staarc">Status of the Debian Source archive</A></H4>
<TABLE BORDER="1" CELLPADDING="5" WIDTH="100%"><TR><TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">
<UL>
<LI>Most packages just work.</LI>
<LI>Maintainers are usually responsive and cooperative.</LI>
<LI>Turtle, the autobuilder, crunches through the whole list right
now.</LI>
</UL>
<P>
Common pitfalls are POSIX incompatibilities:
<UL>
<LI>Upstream:
<UL>
<LI>Unconditional use of <SAMP>PATH_MAX</SAMP>
(<SAMP>MAXPATHLEN</SAMP>), <SAMP>MAXHOSTNAMELEN</SAMP>.</LI>
<LI>Unguarded use of Linux kernel features.</LI>
<LI>Use of legacy interfaces (<SAMP>sys_errlist</SAMP>,
<SAMP>termio</SAMP>).</LI>
</UL></LI>
<LI>Debian:
<UL>
<LI>Unguarded activation of extensions available with Linux.</LI>
<LI>Low quality patches.</LI>
<LI>Assuming GNU/Linux in package scripts.</LI>
</UL></LI>
</UL>
</TD></TR></TABLE>
<P>
Most packages are POSIX compatible and can be compiled without
changes on the Hurd. The maintainers of the Debian source packages
are usually very kind, responsiver and helpful.
<P>
The Turtle autobuilder software (<A
HREF="http://turtle.sourceforge.net" >http://turtle.sourceforge.net</A>)
builds the Debian packages on the Hurd automatically.
<H4><A HREF="#TOCdebide" NAME="debide">Debian GNU/Hurd: Good idea, bad idea?</A></H4>
<TABLE BORDER="1" CELLPADDING="5" WIDTH="100%"><TR><TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">
<P>
Upstream benefits:
<UL>
<LI>Software packages become more portable.</LI>
</UL>
<P>
Debian benefits:
<UL>
<LI>Debian becomes more portable.</LI>
<LI>Maintainers learn about portability and other systems.</LI>
<LI>Debian gets a lot of public recognition.</LI>
</UL>
<P>
GNU/Hurd benefits:
<UL>
<LI>Large software base.</LI>
<LI>Great infrastructure.</LI>
<LI>Nice community to partner with.</LI>
</UL>
</TD></TR></TABLE>
<P>
The sheet lists the advantages of all groups involved.
<H4><A HREF="#TOCend" NAME="end">End</A></H4>
<TABLE BORDER="1" CELLPADDING="5" WIDTH="100%"><TR><TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="LEFT">
<P>
Join us at
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="http://hurd.gnu.org/" >http://hurd.gnu.org/</A></LI>
<LI><A HREF="http://www.debian.org/ports/hurd"
>http://www.debian.org/ports/hurd</A></LI>
<LI><A HREF="http://www.hurdfr.org"
>http://www.hurdfr.org</A></LI>
</UL>
</TD></TR></TABLE>
<P>
List of contacts.
<P>
<EM>Some of these links are at other web sites not maintained by the
FSF. The FSF is not responsible for the content of these other web sites.</EM>
</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
<HR>
[
<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical -->
<!-- PLEASE UPDATE THE LIST AT THE BOTTOM (OR TOP) OF THE PAGE TOO! -->
<A HREF="/software/hurd/hurd-talk.html">English</A>
]
<HR>
<P>
Return to <A HREF="/home.html">GNU's home page</A>.
<P>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries & questions to
<A HREF="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><EM>gnu@gnu.org</EM></A>.
There are also <A HREF="/home.html#ContactInfo">other ways to
contact</A> the FSF.
<P>
Please send comments on these web pages to
<A HREF="mailto:web-hurd@gnu.org"><EM>web-hurd@gnu.org</EM></A>,
send other questions to
<A HREF="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><EM>gnu@gnu.org</EM></A>.
<P>
Copyright (C) 2001 Marcus Brinkmann <A HREF="mailto:marcus@gnu.org"><marcus@gnu.org></A>
<P>
Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is
permitted in any medium, provided this notice is preserved.
<P>
Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
$Date$ $Author$
<!-- timestamp end -->
<HR>
</BODY>
</HTML>
|
