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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"
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<TITLE>The GNU Hurd - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</TITLE>
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<IMG SRC="/graphics/hurd_sm_mf.jpg" ALT=" [image of the Hurd logo] ">
[
<A HREF="/software/hurd/history.html">English</A>
]
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<TR>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP" BGCOLOR="#eeeeee">
<A HREF="/software/hurd/whatsnew.html"><STRONG>What's New</STRONG></A><BR>
<P>
<A HREF="/software/hurd/hurd.html"><STRONG>The GNU Hurd</STRONG></A><BR>
<BR>
<A HREF="/software/hurd/docs.html">Documentation</A><BR>
<A HREF="/software/hurd/install.html">Installation</A><BR>
<A HREF="/software/hurd/help.html">Getting Help</A><BR>
<A HREF="/software/hurd/download.html">Source Code</A><BR>
<A HREF="/software/hurd/devel.html">Development</A><BR>
<A HREF="/software/hurd/history.html">History</A><BR>
<BR>
<A HREF="/software/hurd/gnumach.html"><STRONG>GNU Mach</STRONG></A><BR>
<BR>
<A HREF="/software/hurd/gnumach-docs.html">Documentation</A><BR>
<A HREF="/software/hurd/gnumach-install.html">Installation</A><BR>
<A HREF="/software/hurd/gnumach-download.html">Source Code</A><BR>
</TD>
<TD ALIGN="LEFT" VALIGN="TOP">
<HR>
<H3><A NAME="contents">Table of Contents</A></H3>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="#start" NAME="TOCstart">How it started</A>
<LI><A HREF="#announce" NAME="TOCannounce">Announcements</A>
</UL>
<HR>
<H3><A HREF="#TOCstart" NAME="start">How it started</A></H3>
<P>
Richard Stallman (RMS) started GNU in 1983, as a project to create a
complete free operating system. In the text of the GNU Manifesto, he
mentioned that there is a primitive kernel. In the first GNUsletter,
Feb. 1986, he says that GNU's kernel is TRIX, which was developed at
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
<P>
By December of 1986, the Free Software Foundation (FSF) had "started
working on the changes needed to TRIX" [Gnusletter, Jan. 1987].
Shortly thereafter, the FSF began "negotiating with Professor Rashid
of Carnegie-Mellon University about working with them on the
development of the Mach kernel" [Gnusletter, June, 1987]. The text
implies that the FSF wanted to use someone else's work, rather than
have to fix TRIX.
<P>
In [Gnusletter, Feb. 1988], RMS was talking about taking Mach and
putting the Berkeley Sprite filesystem on top of it, "after the parts
of Berkeley Unix... have been replaced."
<P>
Six months later, the FSF is saying that "if we can't get Mach, we'll
use TRIX or Berkeley's Sprite." Here, they present Sprite as a
full-kernel option, rather than just a filesystem.
<P>
In January, 1990, they say "we aren't doing any kernel work. It does
not make sense for us to start a kernel project now, when we still
hope to use Mach" [Gnusletter, Jan. 1990]. Nothing significant occurs
until 1991, when a more detailed plan is announced:
<BLOCKQUOTE>
We are still interested in a multi-process kernel running on top of
Mach. The CMU lawyers are currently deciding if they can release Mach
with distribution conditions that will enable us to distribute it. If
they decide to do so, then we will probably start work. CMU has
available under the same terms as Mach a single-server partial Unix
emulator named Poe; it is rather slow and provides minimal
functionality. We would probably begin by extending Poe to provide
full functionality. Later we hope to have a modular emulator divided
into multiple processes. [Gnusletter, Jan. 1991].
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>
RMS explains the relationship between the Hurd and Linux in <A
HREF="hurd-and-linux.html">The Hurd and Linux</A>, where he mentions
that the FSF started developing the Hurd in 1990. As of [Gnusletter,
Nov. 1991], the Hurd (running on Mach) is GNU's official kernel.
<H3><A HREF="#TOCannounce" NAME="announce">Announcements</A></H3>
<DL>
<DT>
<A HREF="hurd-flash15">Release 0.2 announcement (complete GNU system)</A></DT>
<DT>
<A HREF="hurd-flash14">Release 0.2 announcement (Hurd)</A></DT>
<DT>
<A HREF="hurd-flash13">Test release announcement (Aug 96)</A></DT>
<DT>
<A HREF="hurd-flash12">Test release status (Jul 96)</A></DT>
<DT>
<A HREF="hurd-flash11">Binary image available, Apr 96</A></DT>
<DD>
This and <A HREF="http://www.netbsd.org/">NetBSD</A> boot flopies should
be enough to get a working Hurd system!</DD>
<DT>
<A HREF="hurd-flash10">New Snapshot, Apr 96</A> -- NFS and lots else
works!</DT>
<DT>
<A HREF="hurd-flash9">News Flash, Nov 95</A> -- ftp works!</DT>
<DT>
<A HREF="hurd-flash8">New Snapshot, Jul 95</A> -- ext2fs support</DT>
<DT>
<A HREF="hurd-flash7">New Snapshot, Apr 95</A></DT>
<DT>
<A HREF="hurd-flash6">News flash, Nov 94</A></DT>
<DT>
<A HREF="hurd-flash5">News flash, Sep 94</A> -- gcc runs!</DT>
<DT>
<A HREF="hurd-flash4">News flash, Aug 94</A></DT>
<DT>
<A HREF="hurd-flash3">News flash, Jul 94</A> -- emacs runs!</DT>
<DT>
<A HREF="hurd-flash2">News flash, May 94</A></DT>
<DT>
<A HREF="hurd-flash">News flash, Apr 94</A> -- it boots!</DT>
<DT>
<A HREF="hurd-announce2">GNU Hurd announcement, Nov 93</A></DT>
<DT>
<A HREF="hurd-announce">GNU Hurd announcement, May 91</A></DT>
</DL>
</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
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[
<A HREF="/software/hurd/history.html">English</A>
]
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<P>
Return to <A HREF="/home.html">GNU's home page</A>.
<P>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries & questions to
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There are also <A HREF="/home.html#ContactInfo">other ways to
contact</A> the FSF.
<P>
Please send comments on these web pages to
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send other questions to
<A HREF="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><EM>gnu@gnu.org</EM></A>.
<P>
Copyright (C) 2001, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
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