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diff --git a/faq/old/old_faq.txt b/faq/old/old_faq.txt deleted file mode 100644 index caadb54a..00000000 --- a/faq/old/old_faq.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,507 +0,0 @@ -[[!meta copyright="Copyright © 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2008, 2013 Free -Software Foundation, Inc."]] - -[[!meta license="""[[!toggle id="license" text="GFDL 1.2+"]][[!toggleable -id="license" text="Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this -document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or -any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant -Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license -is included in the section entitled [[GNU Free Documentation -License|/fdl]]."]]"""]] - - Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU Hurd - -This document attempts to answer the questions that most often plague -users when they are talking about, installing, using, compiling and -developing the GNU Hurd as well as its binary distribution Debian -GNU/Hurd. Be sure to read this before asking for help. - -The GNU Hurd is under active development and a stable version has not -yet been released. Be aware that: there is a lot of work yet to be -completed; you will find bugs; your system will crash. That said, there -is a lot of room for contributions at all levels: development of the -Hurd and Mach proper, porting applications, writing documentation and, -most importantly, user feedback. - -Should you have a question that is not answered by this document and you -feel that it should be, submit it and, if possible, with an answer. - -Each section is copyright its respective author(s). Permission is -granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms -of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version -published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, -with no Front-Cover Texts and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the -license is included in the file COPYRIGHT. - - Neal H Walfield - neal@cs.uml.edu - -? Installation - -?? What partition type should I use for my GNU/Hurd partitions? - -{MB} You should use an ext2 filesystem. Alternatively, you may use BSD -style ufs. The partition type number for ext2fs is 0x83 (this is the -same as in Linux), not 0x63 (GNU HURD). Thomas explains why 0x63 is the -wrong choice: - - One day we may have a new filesystem format, which would - probably be called the GNU Hurd filesystem format, and might - well use that partition code. - -Regardless, as Roland points out, it is always an error to use that code -for an ext2fs partition, - -?? How do I name partitions? - -{MB,NHW} I knew you would ask this. If I had to reduce this FAQ to only -one question, I'd choose this one. It is pretty easy, but you have to -know that there are actually several incompatibly naming convention. - -First, the Hurd: if the disk is question is a SCSI disk, you must know -the SCSI device number; if it is an IDE disk, you must know what -controller the disk is on and whether it is a master or a slave. The -Hurd uses the BSD naming convention which, is to say, disks are ordered -according to their physical location, numerically, starting from zero. -This naming scheme is quite similar to that found in Linux. There, the -master disk on the primary controller is designated as `hda' and the -slave as `hdb'. On the secondary controller, the master and the slave -are designated by `hdc' and `hdd' respectively. Under the Hurd, `hda' -would become `hd0', `hdb' would be referred to as `hd1', etc. - -In the Hurd, like in BSD, partitions are called `slices' and are -numbered starting from one. Thus, to name a particular partition, we -take the disk name, append a `s' and the partition number. Again, this -is similar to Linux except, there is no `s'. For instance, `hda1' would -become `hd0s1'. - -GRUB, the boot loader, uses a completely different nomenclature: it -probes the BIOS and appends each disk in turn to an array. Disks are enumerated -using zero based arrays. GRUB 2 enumerates partitions from one, while GRUB 1 -used to enumerate them from zero. -The format is: -`hd (<disk>, <partition>)'. Thus, in GRUB 2 `hd (0, 1)' refers to the first -partition on the first drive detected by the BIOS (or the second partition with -GRUB 1). As Grub now has tab -completion, there is not a lot of guess work. - -?? How much swap do I need? - -{ST} The usual rule of thumb applies: the same amount as RAM, for instance. - -?? Can I share swap space between GNU/Linux and GNU/Hurd? - -{NHW} Yes. The default pager recognises and respects Linux swap -partitions. It will also swap to a raw partition, i.e. anything that it -does not recognize as Linux swap. Therefore: BE CAREFUL. - -?? Why do I get ``Operation not permitted error''? - -{MB} You forgot to set the file system owner of the GNU/Hurd partition to -``hurd''. The Hurd uses additional information in the inodes to set -translators. To make this work, the partition must be marked as ``owned -by the Hurd''. This is normally done by passing the `-o hurd' option to -`mke2fs' when creating ext2 system from other operating systems -(filesystems created in GNU/Hurd automatically enable this option). -If you failed to do this, you can still use the `e2os' script. - -?? After `native-install' is finished, I had to write tthhiiss - wwaayy. In particular, I had to type `rreebboooott' to reboot. - -{MB} Funny, isn't it? In addition to the rescue `term' server in -`/tmp/console', another `term' server got started and is clobbing the -keyboard input. After a reboot this problem vanishes as only one `term' -server will remain. If `tar' would support translator, we would not -have this problem... Even if you don't experience this problem right -after the installation, reboot immediately so you don't hit this bug by -accident. - -? Setup - -?? How do I add a swap partition? - -{MB} A swap partition is also called a paging file. Usually, it is -sufficient to add the swap partition to `/etc/fstab', just as you would -under Linux. You can swap to a Linux swap partition and the Hurd will -honour the Linux swap signature (both versions). The Hurd will just as -happily swap to any other raw disk space and overwrite anything it -finds. So, be careful! - -If you want to swap to a file or make sure that it checks the Linux swap -signature before, you need to edit `/boot/servers.boot'. The syntax is -the partition device file name plus, optionally, the swap file inside an -ext2fs partition, followed by a space and then one of: -`$(add-raw-paging-file)', `$(add-linux-paging-file)', -`$(add-paging-file)'. The first works with any partition or file and -does not honour any swap signature or other data. The second has a -safety check and only uses the file if a Linux swap signature is found. -The third looks for a swap signature first and falls back to raw paging -if it failed to find one. This is also the default for entries in -`/etc/fstab'. - -?? How do I set up a network? - How do I set up a loopback device? - -{MB} In the former case, be sure that GNU Mach detected your network -card. Either way, you need to setup `pfinet'. Documentation can be -found at: - - http://www.debian.org/ports/hurd/hurd-doc-server#pfinet - -Don't forget to fill in `/etc/resolv.conf', `/etc/hosts', etc. - -Of course, you only need to do this if the installation routine didn't -do it for you. - -?? Can I use the GNU/Linux version of `e2fsck' on a GNU/Hurd partition? - -{MB} Yes, at least since `e2fsprogs-1.05'. Check this with `e2fsck -V' -first. - -{NHW} Do not try to defrag your partition as this utility does not know -about translators. - -?? Why are pipes not working? - -{MB} `settrans -fgc /servers/socket/1 /hurd/pflocal' should help. - -? Usage - -?? Where is the documentation? - -{NHW,MM} There are neither man pages nor info nodes for the Hurd -translators and commands. Documentation lives inside of the binaries -and can be found by passing the `--help' option to a given command. -For instance: - - # /hurd/ext2fs --help - -will tell you what types of options the ext2fs translator accepts. - -The GNU/Hurd User's Guide and the GNU Hurd Reference Manual both -provide some help about the usage of and concepts behind the GNU Hurd. -You can find them, among others, at: - - http://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/docs.html - -?? What is a translator? - -{MB} There is a text about translators available at: - - http://www.debian.org/ports/hurd/hurd-doc-translator - -Read this and ask further questions on the mailing lists. - -?? What is the login shell? - -{MB} The Hurd has the concept of a not-logged in user. This user has -neither user ids nor groups ids. This stems from the fact that the Hurd -supports uid and gid sets and one possibility is, of course, the empty -set. Rather than deny access in this case, filesystems in the Hurd offer a -fourth permission triplet (i.e. rwx) which is used to determine the -privileges for users with no credentials. This, however, needs to be -enabled on a file by file basis. By default, the `other' permission -triplet is used. - -The Hurd login shell is a shell running with neither uids nor gids. To -restrict access to your files, either enable and change the fourth -permission triplet or change the login shell of the `login' user in the -password file to `/bin/loginpr' which implements the standard login -prompt. - -?? How do I use non-US keyboard bindings? - -{ST} On Debian Hurd, you can configure the console layout from -`/etc/default/hurd-console`. - -?? How do I enable color on the console? - -{NHW} If you are using the GNU Mach microkernel, you can set your -terminal to `mach-color'. For instance: - - # export TERM=mach-color - -?? How can I enable virtual consoles? - -{ST} On Debian Hurd, it is already enabled by default, and configured from -`/etc/default/hurd-console`. - -{AMS} This can be done by running the following command: - - console -d vga -d pc_kbd -d generic_speaker /dev/vcs - -If something went wrong, or if you just wish to exit the Hurd console -then hitting C-A-<backspace> will exit it. - -?? What is the status of X? - -{MB} It works! The packages are available at any Debian ftp mirror. -XFree86 4.0.2 is available, as are some of the v3 servers. Instructions -on how to use the packages are in the mailing list archive (link follow -later). - -?? What are these strange pids `0`, `2', `3', `4`, and `5`? - -{MB,ST} Zero is the `proc` processus server (and thus does not really have a pid -:) ) Two is the kernel, three is the root filesystem server, four is the `exec` -server (which handles starting programs), five is the `auth` server (which -handles user authentication). - -?? Why does `ps aux' give me strange output? - -{MB,MM} Try `ps Aux'. Indeed, under GNU/Hurd, `ps aux' doesn't list -all processes: it omits the session and group leaders, and the -processes without parent. - -?? I have a hung process that I want to kill, however, `ps' is now - hanging too. - -{MB} Interrupt it and pass it the `-M' option. - -{NHW} By default, `ps' gathers information from both the proc server and -the processes themselves (via their message port). If a process it -hung, it will not be able respond to its message port and thus, ps will -wait forever. The `-M' option instructs ps to not gather information -that would require use of the message port. - -?? Why are my translators dying? - -{NHW} Try passing the `-ap' flag to settrans. By default, settrans only -sets a passive translator, therefore, no output will show up on your -terminal. Using `-ap', however, sets both the active and the passive -translator which, means that the translator starts immediately and its -stderr is connected to you terminal. - -Additionally, the biggest problem is passing relative paths to passive -translators. You cannot predict what the current working directory of a -translator will be when it is setup as a passive translator. - -?? Why can I `read' a directory? - -{MB} It is important to understand that there is nothing special about a -directory under the Hurd, it is just another file. This fits in with -the translator concept where a translator can appear as a directory but -provide also as a file. - -? Trouble shooting - -?? When the APM support in the BIOS spins down my disk drives, the - Hurd is unable to wake up. What's wrong? - -{MB} APM is not supported in the current version of GNU Mach, sorry. -Please disable APM in your BIOS setup. - -?? What are these messages referring to `default pager', `paging', - and `pager request'? - -{MB} The default pager handles virtual memory allocation. If it can't -allocate a new memory page because you are out of memory, some terrible -things may happen. Whenever you get errors referring to any of these, -you either need more memory (make sure you have swap) or you have found -a memory leak. - -?? What is a gratuitous error? - -{MB} This comes from `strerror(EGRATUITOUS)'. If you check glibc's -documentation, it will say that this error code has no purpose. This, -however, is not quite true. You only get this when something terrible -happens. Thomas explains: - - More precisely `EGRATUITOUS' officially means that some server - has responded in an impossible or protocol-violating fashion. - There are some cases in the Hurd where `EGRATUITOUS' is returned - and probably something else should be chosen instead. - -If you can reproduce this error message, please report it. - -?? What does ``computer bought the farm'' mean ? - -{FH} This message is the text that corresponds to the errno code -`EIEIO'. Roland McGrath explains: - - That message is not output by any particular servers at - particular times; rather it is the perror text for the errno - code EIEIO, which is returned by various RPCs and functions - for a variety of "hopeless" error conditions. - - -?? What does ``/dev/hd0s1: MOUNTED READ-ONLY; MUST USE `fsysopts - --writable''' mean? - -{NHW} In this case, /dev/hd0s1 was not unmounted cleanly. The Hurd -will, on boot up, run ``fsck -p'' on any partitions that it finds in -/etc/fstab, so, you may want to consider adding this partition to that -file. If you are sure that the partition is fine, you can run: - - # fsysopts /home --writable - -to ask the translator sitting on /home to change from read-only to -read/write mode. Note that the command is being sent to the filesystem -and not the store (e.g. /dev/hd0s1). - -?? When GNU/Hurd crashes, GNU Mach automatically reboots. Is - there anyway I can make it pause so I can write down the error? - -{MB} Pass the `-H' option to init (add it to the boot command line), and -`init' will tell Mach to enter the kernel debugger instead to rebooting -it. At the debugger prompt (`db>'), you can type `reboot' any time to -reboot the system. - -? Porting - -?? Is porting easy? - -{NHW} Porting applications to GNU/Hurd is relatively easy assuming the -application is POSIX compliant as GNU/Hurd does its best to be a -conforming operating system. - -The most common error made by programmers is assuming the MAXPATHLEN and -PATH_MAX are defined. On most operating systems this is set to a few -thousand, however, on GNU/Hurd, there is no maximum and thus, this is -not set. The correct thing to do is to submit a patch to the upstream -author that allocates memory dynamically. - -? Compiling - -?? Where can I get the source? - -{AMS} Instructions on how to download the CVS tree from Savanah are -available at https://savannah.gnu.org/cvs/?group=hurd - -{NHW} To get the source to the latest debian package, look on any -debian mirror. - -?? Can I cross compile? - -{ST} To REDO. - -{NHW} Yes. If you are running Debian GNU/Linux on IA32, this is quite -easy as there is a cheap cross compiler available; all that is required -is installing the gcc-i386-gnu and mig-i386-gnu Debian packages. When -running configure, you will have to specify tools directly: - - # MIG=/usr/bin/i386-gnu-mig CC=/usr/bin/i386-gnu-gcc \ - ../src/hurd/configure ... - -If you are running another distribution, you will have to do this the -long way. You can find instructions at the Cross Compiling HOW-TO -available at: - - http://hurddocs.sourceforge.net/howto/cross.html - -Farid Hajji <farid.hajji@ob.kamp.net> also talks about his experiences -at: - - http://lists.debian.org/debian-hurd-0012/msg00062.html - -?? Any general tips? - -{NHW} Yeah, building in the source tree is untested. Try: - - # ../src/hurd/configure ... - -? Development - -?? What is OSKit-Mach? - -{NHW,FH} There are two versions of GNU Mac that are in use: GNU Mach -1.x and GNU Mach 2.x, formerly known as OSKit-Mach. The former uses -the drivers from Linux 2.0.x while the latter uses the University of -Utah's OSKit library for drivers. You can find out more about the -OSKit library at: - - http://www.cs.utah.edu/flux/oskit - -GNU Mach 2.x is usable, but some things are still missing or not -working, like the serial port and scsi drivers. This is why GNU Mach -2.0 hasn't released yet and the two versions coexist. - -?? Where is the documentation? - -{NHW} There were several books written on the Mach kernel. The -information that they contain is still mostly pertinent and should be -considered required reading for potential hackers. They can be found -at: - - http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/project/mach/public/www/doc/publications.html - -The documentation for the Hurd is quite inadequate. The starting of a -book, ``The GNU Hurd'' is in the doc directory in the Hurd source. You -can read this using: - - # info hurd - -The authoritative place is, of course, the source code; that does not, -however, mean that we would not welcome more documentation. To get -started, take a look at <hurd>/doc/navigating. - -?? How do I make sure that my code is POSIX compliant? - -{NHW} Unfortunately, you have to buy the POSIX standard from IEEE. The -Single Unix Specification version 2, a superset of POSIX, is available -for free on the Internet. Try: - - http://www.unix-systems.org/online.html - -?? Who do I submit patches to? - -{NHW} If they are against the Hurd, Mach or MiG, send a patch to the -bug-hurd mailing list. - -If they are against other packages, the Debian BTS is a good place. In -this case, be sure to advise the debian-hurd mailing list of the bug. - -?? In what format should patches for the Hurd and GNU Mach be? - -{MB} All patches should be sent in unified context diff format (option -`-u' to GNU diff). It is helpful for us if you also use the `-p' -option which includes information about the function changed by a -patch. Changes that are similar can be grouped together in one file, -but unrelated changes should be sent in seperate files. The patches -can be included in the message or as a MIME attachement. They should -not be compressed and/or archived unless they are very large, and if -they are very large it is probably better to store them on-line at -some place and only sent an URL. - -Write a ChangeLog entry for each change, following the format of the -existing files. Here is an example: - - 2000-12-02 Marcus Brinkmann <marcus@gnu.org> - - * ops.c (op_readlink): Before returning, check if the buffer - pointed to by transp is ours. If not, munmap it. - (op_read): Likewise for bp. - (op_readdir): Don't alloca a buffer here. Instead initialize - BUF and BUFSIZE to 0 and let the server (eh, MiG) do it. - munmap BUF before returning. - -The file name and the name of the function changed should always be -spelled out completely, and not abbreviated or otherwise mangled (like -foo.{c,h}), because that would make searching for all changes to a -file or function impossible. Local variable names are all -capitalized. There are two spaces between sentences. You can use -``C-x 4 a'' in Emacs to add a new ChangeLog entry. If you do that -with the mark being in a function, Emacs will automatically fill in -the file and function name for you. - -Do not send in a patch for the ChangeLog file. Rather include the -ChangeLog entries in the message that contains the patch. Patches for -ChangeLog files often conflict. - -If you have the original source tree in the directory `hurd-orig', and -the modified source tree in the directory `hurd', the following -command will produce a good patch (please make sure there are no extra -files like backups in the modified tree, or leave away the option -`-N'). You will need to collect the ChangeLog entries seperately. - - # diff -x ChangeLog -Nurp hurd-orig hurd - - -Answers were given by (in chronological order): -* {NHW} Neal H Walfield <neal@cs.uml.edu> -* {MB} Marcus Brinkmann <Marcus.Brinkmann@ruhr-uni-bochum.de> -* {AMS} Alfred M. Szmidt <ams@gnu.org> -* {OK} Ognyan Kulev <ogi@fmi.uni-sofia.bg> -* {FH} Frédéric Henry <neryel@reveries.info> -* {MM} Manuel Menal <mmenal@hurdfr.org> -* {ST} Samuel Thibault <samuel.thibault@gnu.org> diff --git a/faq/old/old_hurd_faq.txt b/faq/old/old_hurd_faq.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 70c93c61..00000000 --- a/faq/old/old_hurd_faq.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,83 +0,0 @@ -[[!meta copyright="Copyright © 1999, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2013 Free Software -Foundation, Inc."]] - -[[!meta license="""[[!toggle id="license" text="GFDL 1.2+"]][[!toggleable -id="license" text="Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this -document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or -any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant -Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license -is included in the section entitled [[GNU Free Documentation -License|/fdl]]."]]"""]] - -The Unofficial (and no longer maintained) GNU Hurd FAQ, Version 0.13 - -Contributions by: - -Michael I. Bushnell <mib@gnu.org> -Len Tower <tower@gnu.org> -Trent Fisher <trent@gnurd.uu.pdx.edu> -jlr@usoft.spb.su -Remy Card <Remy.Card@masi.ibp.fr> -Louis-Dominique Dubeau <hallu@info.polymtl.ca> - -Original Document by: Derek Upham <upham@cs.ubc.ca> - - -Mach is a micro-kernel, written at Carnegie Mellon -University. A more descriptive term might be a greatest-common-factor -kernel, since it provides facilities common to all ``real'' operating -systems, such as memory management, inter-process communication, -processes, and a bunch of other stuff. Unfortunately, the system -calls used to access these facilities are only vaguely related to the -familiar and cherished Unix system calls. There are no "fork", -"wait", or "sleep" system-calls, no SIGHUPs, nothing like that. All -this makes it rather difficult to, say, port GNU Emacs to a Mach box. - -The trick is, of course, to write an emulation library. Unix programs -can then use (what they think are) POSIX system calls and facilities -while they are really using Mach system calls and facilities. - -The simplest way of going about this is to take an ordinary Unix -kernel, open it up, and rip out all the machine-specific guts; any -time the Unix kernel talks to the machine, replace the code with calls -to the Mach micro-kernel. Run this fake kernel on a Mach machine and -you end up with something that looks and acts just like Unix (even to -GNU Emacs). Note that the Unix kernel we have implemented is just one -Really Big Mach program (called a single-server). - -The Hurd, on the other hand, breaks the giant Unix kernel down into -various Mach programs running as daemons. Working in concert with -facilities placed in the C library, these daemons provide all of the -POSIX system-calls and features; from the outside they look just like -a standard Unix kernel. This means that, for practical purposes, -anything that you can port to Linux will also port to the Hurd. - -Of course, if a user wishes to run his own daemons, he can do that as -well.... - -Mach 4.0 is an enhanced version of Mach 3.0, put out by the people at -the University of Utah. They are working on another free operating -system, and part of it includes an enhanced, more flexible version of -Mach. The Hurd has moved to Mach 4.0, which is good, because it is a -lot easier to build than 3.0 was. - -You can find more information on Mach by browsing the Hurd pages given -in the next answer, or by looking at the Project Mach and Flux -homepages at: - -Carnegie Mellon University (for Mach versions before 4.0): - - http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/mach/public/www/mach.html - -the University of Utah (for Mach 4.0): - - http://www.cs.utah.edu/projects/flux/mach4/html/ - - - -============================== - -Footnotes: - -[[1]] Yes, I know that ``micro-kernel'' is about as apt a description -as ``Reduced Instruction Set Chip'', but we're stuck with it. |