Merge branch 'master' of flubber:~hurd-web/hurd-web

35 files changed, 261 insertions, 1324 deletions

diff --git a/hurd/history.mdwn b/hurd/history.mdwn
deleted file mode 100644
index 18a1506f..00000000
--- a/hurd/history.mdwn
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,91 +0,0 @@
-[[!meta copyright="Copyright © 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free
-Software Foundation, Inc."]]
-
-[[!meta license="""[[!toggle id="license" text="GFDL 1.2+"]][[!toggleable
-id="license" text="Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
-document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or
-any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant
-Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.  A copy of the license
-is included in the section entitled
-[[GNU Free Documentation License|/fdl]]."]]"""]]
-
-Richard Stallman (RMS) started GNU in 1983, as a project to create a
-complete free operating system.  In the text of the GNU Manifesto, he
-mentioned that there is a primitive kernel.  In the first GNUsletter,
-Feb. 1986, he says that GNU's kernel is TRIX, which was developed at
-the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
-
-By December of 1986, the Free Software Foundation (FSF) had "started
-working on the changes needed to TRIX" [Gnusletter, Jan. 1987].
-Shortly thereafter, the FSF began "negotiating with Professor Rashid
-of Carnegie-Mellon University about working with them on the
-development of the Mach kernel" [Gnusletter, June, 1987].  The text
-implies that the FSF wanted to use someone else's work, rather than
-have to fix TRIX.
-
-In [Gnusletter, Feb. 1988], RMS was talking about taking Mach and
-putting the Berkeley Sprite filesystem on top of it, "after the parts
-of Berkeley Unix... have been replaced."
-
-Six months later, the FSF is saying that "if we can't get Mach, we'll
-use TRIX or Berkeley's Sprite."  Here, they present Sprite as a
-full-kernel option, rather than just a filesystem.
-
-In January, 1990, they say "we aren't doing any kernel work.  It does
-not make sense for us to start a kernel project now, when we still
-hope to use Mach" [Gnusletter, Jan. 1990].  Nothing significant occurs
-until 1991, when a more detailed plan is announced:
-
-<BLOCKQUOTE>
-We are still interested in a multi-process kernel running on top of
-Mach.  The CMU lawyers are currently deciding if they can release Mach
-with distribution conditions that will enable us to distribute it.  If
-they decide to do so, then we will probably start work.  CMU has
-available under the same terms as Mach a single-server partial Unix
-emulator named Poe; it is rather slow and provides minimal
-functionality.  We would probably begin by extending Poe to provide
-full functionality.  Later we hope to have a modular emulator divided
-into multiple processes.  [Gnusletter, Jan. 1991].
-</BLOCKQUOTE>
-
-RMS explains the relationship between the [[documentation/Hurd_and_Linux]], where he mentions
-that the FSF started developing the Hurd in 1990.  As of [Gnusletter,
-Nov. 1991], the Hurd (running on Mach) is GNU's official kernel.
-
----
-
-# Announcements
-
-These are all the announcements made over the years. Most of them were
-either sent to the <A HREF="news:gnu.announce">gnu.announce</A> news group or Hurd interest
-mailing lists.
-
-  * [[hurd-flash15]] -- Release 0.2 announcement (complete GNU system)
-  * [[hurd-flash14]] -- Release 0.2 announcement (Hurd)
-  * [[hurd-flash13]] -- Test release announcement (Aug 96)
-  * [[hurd-flash12]] -- Test release status (Jul 96)
-  * [[hurd-flash11]] -- Binary image available, Apr 96
-    This and [NetBSD](http://www.netbsd.org/) boot flopies should be enough to
-    get a working GNU/Hurd system!
-  * [[hurd-flash10]] -- New Snapshot, Apr 96 -- NFS and lots else works!
-  * [[hurd-flash9]] -- News Flash, Nov 95 -- ftp works!
-  * [[hurd-flash8]] -- New Snapshot, Jul 95 -- ext2fs support
-  * [[hurd-flash7]] -- New Snapshot, Apr 95
-  * [[hurd-flash6]] -- News flash, Nov 94
-  * [[hurd-flash5]] -- News flash, Sep 94 -- gcc runs!
-  * [[hurd-flash4]] -- News flash, Aug 94
-  * [[hurd-flash3]] -- News flash, Jul 94 -- emacs runs!
-  * [[hurd-flash2]] -- News flash, May 94
-  * [[hurd-flash]] -- News flash, Apr 94 -- it boots!
-  * [[hurd-announce2]] -- GNU Hurd announcement, Nov 93
-  * [[hurd-announce]] -- GNU Hurd announcement, May 91
-
----
-
-  * [History
-    1997-2003](http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/l4-hurd/2005-10/msg00718.html)
-    -- personal view of Marcus Brinkmann about Hurd development in 1997-2003.
-
----
-
-  * [[Port_to_L4]]
diff --git a/hurd/history/hurd-announce b/hurd/history/hurd-announce
deleted file mode 100644
index 2f165ad8..00000000
--- a/hurd/history/hurd-announce
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,47 +0,0 @@
-From mib@PREP.AI.MIT.EDU Tue May  7 12:07:53 1991
-From: mib@PREP.AI.MIT.EDU
-Newsgroups: gnu.announce
-Subject: FSF work on a GNU OS
-Date: 6 May 91 22:15:22 GMT
-Reply-To: mib@prep.ai.mit.edu
-Distribution: gnu
-Organization: GNUs Not Usenet
-
-The Free Software Foundation is beginning work on a GNU operating
-system built on top of the Mach 3.0 microkernel.  There are three
-goals to this project worth noting:
-
-o Binary compatability with 4.4 BSD, and other U*x or U*xish systems
-  on other hardware where appropriate, convenient, and consistent with
-  the design;
-
-o Posix compliance (in combination with the GNU C Library and the GNU
-  C Compiler); and
-
-o Ease of use as well as several new features and functionality.
-
-
-I am interested in constructive criticism on the interfaces, design,
-and implementation from experts in the field of OS research and design
-consistent with the above goals.  Advice from seasoned U*x hackers is
-especially welcome.
-
-We have a mailing list for discussion.  Currently there is little
-discussion on the group; the major contributors to the ideas behind
-the design all live in the Boston area at this point, and work has
-been done via face-to-face communication.  I would like to open the
-field of discussion to a broader base, both to get wider dissemination
-of the ideas behind the current design, as well as to get a greater
-breadth of criticism.  Periodic postings are currently made to the
-mailing list containing a snapshot of the interfaces used by the
-various pieces of the system.  I would like to see discussion as well;
-perhaps we need a critical mass to get this.
-
-Interested individuals should send me email.  I don't regularly read
-the newsgroups to which this message is posted.
-
-
-[U*x is an abbreviation for a well-known trademark of AT&T.  :-)]
-
-	-mib
-
diff --git a/hurd/history/hurd-announce2 b/hurd/history/hurd-announce2
deleted file mode 100644
index dce41c43..00000000
--- a/hurd/history/hurd-announce2
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,143 +0,0 @@
-From mib@gnu.ai.mit.edu Wed Nov  3 21:51:03 1993
-Path: usenet.ee.pdx.edu!cs.uoregon.edu!ogicse!emory!nigel.msen.com!sdd.hp.com!swrinde!cs.utexas.edu!uunet!spool.mu.edu!bloom-beacon.mit.edu!ai-lab!prep.ai.mit.edu!gnulists
-From: mib@gnu.ai.mit.edu (Michael I Bushnell)
-Newsgroups: gnu.announce,gnu.misc.discuss
-Subject: Hurd status and call for volunteers
-Message-ID: <9311020719.AA02206@geech.gnu.ai.mit.edu>
-Date: 1 Nov 93 21:19:05 GMT
-Article-I.D.: geech.9311020719.AA02206
-Followup-To: gnu.misc.discuss
-Distribution: world
-Lines: 124
-Approved: info-gnu@prep.ai.mit.edu
-To: info-gnu@prep.ai.mit.edu
-X-Shopping-List: 
-   (1) Chaotic casino griddles (2) Cervical congestion (3) Neoclassical
-   consoles
-Xref: usenet.ee.pdx.edu gnu.announce:160 gnu.misc.discuss:3985
-
-This message to help sate curiosity, as well as to ask for volunteers.
-Until we are ready for alpha test, this is the last such message that
-will be posted here.  If you want to receive further such messages,
-send mail to hurd-ann-request@gnu.ai.mit.edu and ask to be put on that
-(moderated) announcements list.
-
-
-What is already done with the Hurd:
-
-The filesystem is complete; it runs (read-only), and most of its calls
-have been tested and work.  The filesystem is able to download
-programs, by a kludge similar to the kludge used to enable the kernel
-to download the first task.  In the actual bootstap sequence, it will
-download the execserver.
-
-The proc and auth servers are completed; the exec server is nearly
-complete (for a.out, not for bfd).  
-
-C library support for Mach and Hurd rpc stubs, and some of the mach
-and hurd specific code, is done.  Much untested and probably wrong
-code has been written to implement Unix "system calls".  A large piece
-of this (the descriptor management code) is believed by Roland to have
-some architectural flaw, but he isn't sure.
-
-Some small filesystem servers (shadow directories, for example) have
-been written, but have not been compiled, let alone tested.
-
-
-There are currently three things happening wrt the Hurd:
-
-I am spending nearly all my time getting things to boot and run.  My
-work is currently directed toward that goal; in the immediate present
-I am working with Roland on getting the library in its near-final
-state (which will last a long time) to make compiling easier.  It is
-because this is nearly done that I can send this message.
-
-Roland is working on the library.  Most of the remaining architectural
-work is done and being tested.  Then Roland will work on integrating
-cthreads (which is mostly busywork), miscellaneous filesystem calls,
-and then file descriptors.  After that comes signals.
-
-Jan Brittenson will be working on the network server library.  This is
-a library that, when linked against a BSD protocol stack, will produce
-a Hurd network server.  (Such a server implements the socket interface
-in socket.defs.)
-
-
-There are four general tasks that can be done by other people:
-
-1. Completing the existing work on the terminal driver.  The existing
-work implements most of the logic you already associate with a Posixy
-terminal driver; it needs the port management and buffering logic
-added.  
-
-2. Writing a readline terminal driver.  We will want, as an
-alternative to the Posixy terminal driver, a readline type terminal
-driver.
-
-3. Writing miscellaneous shell utilities.  Here we need shell
-utilities to create translators, etc.  They should have a nice rich
-set of features to do all kinds of GNU things.  
-
-4. Writing miscellaneous filesystem servers.  Here we need a
-transparent tar server, a transparent FTP server, and the like.
-
-
-Future plans for work to be written by me (once the bootstrap works,
-and in addition to testing library code as Roland finishes it):
-
-o split the existing filesystem into three parts:
-  o a library for port management for complicated multi-threaded
-    servers;
-  o a library for "normal" disk-based filesystems;
-  o ufs specific code.
-
-o Write the PF_FILE socket server (what you know as PF_UNIX).
-
-o Finish the posixy terminal driver if nobody else has.
-
-o Write miscellaneous shell utilities that nobody else has.
-
-o Build a self-hosting system.
-
-
-What you need in order to be able to help now:
-
-o A 386 PC running Mach 3.0.  If you have some other kind of hardware,
-  then you need to port the GNU C library support first.  I'm not
-  entirely sure how much work that involves; you will need to contact
-  Roland.  It might be too much trouble at this point to spend any
-  effort on it.  It's best if it's a machine for which a free port of
-  Mach is available, though you could do useful work even if it's not.
-
-  If you are not currently running Mach 3.0 with somebody's
-  single-server, then it is very unlikely you could help, unless you
-  have a Unix source license.  In that case, you could talk to CMU
-  (write mach@cs.cmu.edu) to find out how to get Mach 3.0 running on
-  your machine.  It is not possible to do development without a Unix
-  emulator of some kind; just bare Mach 3.0 is not sufficient.  I have
-  neither the time nor knowledge to help someone get a 3.0
-  single-server system running.
-
-o Clue.  I don't have enough time to explain operating systems or Unix
-  to people.  You need to have an iron-clad grasp of Unix semantics
-  (specificaly BSD); it's essential that things be exactly right from
-  that standpoint.  It's not enough that you've programmed Unix
-  before; you need to understand all the nits.  However, you may
-  disregard my previous comments about a "two question limit".  You do
-  need the ability to intuit to some extent, however.
-
-o Time.  It's not good for me to delegate a task and then have nothing
-  happen on it.  If you have a full-time job where you can't justify
-  Hurd work as part of your job, you might find that you don't really
-  have as much time as you thought.  Please make sure you really have
-  enough time before volunteering for a task.
-
-o Efficient net access.  Without a real Internet connection (mail only
-  is not sufficient), it will be impossible for you to do development
-  right now.
-
-
-If you think you can help, send me email.  If you don't think you can
-help right now, then don't give up: the list of conditions will change
-as the list of delegatable tasks changes.  
-
diff --git a/hurd/history/hurd-flash b/hurd/history/hurd-flash
deleted file mode 100644
index d1bacc79..00000000
--- a/hurd/history/hurd-flash
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-Path: gnurd!usenet.ee.pdx.edu!cs.uoregon.edu!sgiblab!swrinde!gatech!europa.eng.gtefsd.com!MathWorks.Com!news.kei.com!bloom-beacon.mit.edu!ai-lab!life.ai.mit.edu!mib
-From: mib@churchy.gnu.ai.mit.edu (Michael I Bushnell)
-Newsgroups: gnu.misc.discuss,comp.os.mach
-Subject: Hurd now bootstraps
-Date: 05 Apr 1994 21:49:50 GMT
-Organization: Free Software Foundation, Cambridge, MA
-Lines: 11
-Message-ID: <MIB.94Apr5174952@churchy.gnu.ai.mit.edu>
-NNTP-Posting-Host: churchy.gnu.ai.mit.edu
-
-
-The GNU Hurd now bootstraps, successfully starting the core servers
-(the filesystem, exec server, process server, auth server, and init)
-and running the first program.  A snapshot of the code that did this
-is on alpha.gnu.ai.mit.edu in the usual place, /gnu/hurd-snap.tar.gz.
-
---
-+1 617 623 3248 (H)    |   The soul of Jonathan was bound to the soul of David,
-+1 617 253 8568 (W)   -+-   and Jonathan loved him as his own soul.
-1105 Broadway          |  Then Jonathan made a covenant with David
-Somerville, MA 02144   |    because he loved him as his own soul.
-
diff --git a/hurd/history/hurd-flash10 b/hurd/history/hurd-flash10
deleted file mode 100644
index d6d5685b..00000000
--- a/hurd/history/hurd-flash10
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-Date: Mon, 15 Apr 1996 15:28:29 -0400
-Message-Id: <199604151928.PAA00636@geech.gnu.ai.mit.edu>
-From: mib@gnu.ai.mit.edu (Michael I. Bushnell, p/BSG)
-To: hurd-ann@gnu.ai.mit.edu
-Subject: New Hurd snapshot available
-X-Geek-Code: (V2.1) GCS/J/M/MU/P/S/O>AT d- H-- s-: g+++ p0 !au a- w++ v+++(*) C+
-+$ UB++++$ P--- L 3- E++ N++ K++++ W-- M- V-- po-- Y+(--) t++ 5+ j++ R- G'''' tv
-+ b+++ !D B-- e+ u++(*) h* f? r n y++
-X-Tom-Swiftie: "Use the `&' operator to get the address," Tom pointed out.
-Sender: owner-abshurd@cs.pdx.edu
-Precedence: bulk
-
-
-I have just cut a new source snapshot.  If things go nicely, a binary
-snapshot may appear soon as well.  You can find this snapshot as
-
-ftp://alpha.gnu.ai.mit.edu/gnu/hurd-snap-960415.tar.gz
-
-Many many things work!  Emacs built native and just *went*.  The
-system now works standalone; you can use gdb (it's much nicer than
-other mach-ish gdb's, of course); the network is functional (complete
-with NFS), etc.
-
-Michael
-
diff --git a/hurd/history/hurd-flash11 b/hurd/history/hurd-flash11
deleted file mode 100644
index 57851b01..00000000
--- a/hurd/history/hurd-flash11
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-From:     Miles Bader <miles@gnu.ai.mit.edu>
-To:       hurd-ann@gnu.ai.mit.edu
-Date:     Thu, 18 Apr 1996 19:08:07 -0400
-Subject:  hurd binary image
-
-
-A filesystem image from a working hurd system, corresponding to the latest
-snapshot, is available as:
-
-  ftp://alpha.gnu.ai.mit.edu/gnu/hurd-image-960418.tar.gz 
-
-The whole tree takes about 37meg (warning -- it unpacks into `.').  Follow
-the instructions in ./INSTALL-binary to make a working hurd system.
-
-Due to a timely trashing of the disk on our main hurd machine, it has been
-verified that it is possible to make a bootable hurd system from scratch
-using this image and a set of netbsd 1.1 boot floppies...
-
-The sources for the mach kernel included in the image are available in the
-same directory as mach4-UK22.tar.gz and mach4-i386-UK22.tar.gz.
-
--Miles
--- 
-Miles Bader / miles@gnu.ai.mit.edu / (617) 253-8568
-Amadera e ike!
diff --git a/hurd/history/hurd-flash12 b/hurd/history/hurd-flash12
deleted file mode 100644
index 5be9c94e..00000000
--- a/hurd/history/hurd-flash12
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,76 +0,0 @@
-From: mib@gnu.ai.mit.edu (Michael I. Bushnell, p/BSG)
-Newsgroups: gnu.misc.discuss
-Subject: Hurd 0.0 release status
-Followup-To: gnu.misc.discuss
-Date: 13 Jul 1996 23:53:41 GMT
-Organization: Touring Consulting Services
-Lines: 35
-Message-ID: <MIB.96Jul13195341@gnu.ai.mit.edu>
-NNTP-Posting-Host: churchy.gnu.ai.mit.edu
-
-
-People are eager to know how close we are to release, so here's an
-update:
-
-There is one rather annoying bug I'd like to find which is causing
-random crashes.  I expect this will not be too hard to locate.  There
-are some more trivial bugs, but the release will not be held up for
-them. 
-
-Forty-three packages of GNU software have been built native.
-Remaining to be built are three packages for which new releases are
-expected soon.
-
-Also remaining to be built native are bash, gdb, mach, the Hurd
-itself, and the internet utilities and daemons.  We intend to sync our
-separate copy of libc source with the libc maintainer, and then build
-it native too.
-
-Because of obnoxious export restrictions, we have still to make
-separate shared libraries for the crypt functions.
-
-Except for the actual final packaging, all the release engineering
-tasks to be done have been completed.
-
-
-To summarize, we still need to:
-
-o Fix one obnoxious bug
-o Compile three packages that are waiting for release;
-o Compile gdb, bash, mach, and hurd native
-o Sync libc source and compile native
-o Deal with crypt shared libraries
-o Final packaging
-
-Michael
-
-From: mib@gnu.ai.mit.edu (Michael I. Bushnell, p/BSG)
-Newsgroups: gnu.misc.discuss
-Subject: Re: Hurd--ne plus ultra of vaporware?
-Date: 17 Jul 1996 03:02:14 GMT
-
-In article <4sg6tp$n4t@linux.cs.Helsinki.FI> torvalds@linux.cs.Helsinki.FI (Linus Torvalds) writes:
-
-   Hey! We could also ask some well-known rock-group for one of their
-   lyrics, and use that as the theme song for the Hurd release.  And then
-   we could ask shops to stay open longer to sell the Hurd! Whaddaya think?
-   Don't say it has been delayed, just shout so loudly about all the new
-   features that nobody cares about the delay?
-
-Perhaps we could get Morrisey to sing the song.  He's very good
-looking.  Much better looking than that Mick Jagger fellow.
-
-Or something delicate, like Bach's French Suite in G.  That would be
-fun.  
-
-In any case, here's the state of the release:
-
-o Everything but nine packages has been compiled native.
-o The random crash bug I alluded to is fixed.
-o We have to build a floppy image for part of the installation instructions.
-
-That's it.  I bet you nobody in Redmond has ever made a statement like
-that...
-
-Michael
-
diff --git a/hurd/history/hurd-flash13 b/hurd/history/hurd-flash13
deleted file mode 100644
index a2de6bfd..00000000
--- a/hurd/history/hurd-flash13
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,120 +0,0 @@
-Date: Mon, 5 Aug 1996 22:36:31 -0400
-From: thomas@gnu.ai.mit.edu (Thomas Bushnell, n/BSG)
-To: info-gnu@prep.ai.mit.edu, hurd-ann@gnu.ai.mit.edu, hurd-dev@gnu.ai.mit.edu
-Subject: Hurd 0.0 and GNU 0.0 released
-X-Name-Change: My name used to be `Michael'; now it is `Thomas'.
-X-Tom-Swiftie: "I guess I shouldn't have broken the mirror," Tom reflected.
-
-
-
-
-I am pleased to announce version 0.0 of the GNU Hurd, available via
-anonymous FTP from prep.ai.mit.edu [18.159.0.42] in the file
-/pub/gnu/hurd-0.0.tar.gz (about 1.2 MB compressed).
-
-This file contains complete source code for the following:
-
-Hurd servers: 
- 
- auth, crash, devio, devport, exec, ext2fs, fifo, fwd, ifsock, init,
- magic, new-fifo, nfs, null, pfinet, pflocal, proc, symlink, term,
- ufs.
-
-Hurd libraries: 
- 
- diskfs, fshelp, ihash, iohelp, netfs, pager, pipe, ports, ps,
- shouldbeinlibc, store, threads, trivfs.
-
-Hurd utilities and other programs: 
-
- boot, shd, ps, settrans, showtrans, sync, su, mount, fsysopts,
- storeinfo, login, w, uptime, hurdids, loginpr, sush, vmstat,
- portinfo, devprobe, reboot, halt, fsck, fsck.ufs, mkfs.ufs, clri.ufs,
- stati.ufs, getty, rc.
-
-
-------
-
-
-In addition, we have prepared a binary distribution of a complete
-version 0.0 GNU system corresponding to this Hurd release.  This
-release runs only on PC-AT compatible systems with i[345]86
-processors.
-
-The GNU Hurd, plus Mach, is a kernel, not an operating system.  The
-GNU operating system, like the Unix operating system, consists of many
-components, including kernel, libraries, compilers, assembler, shell,
-parser generators, utilities, window system, editors, text formatters,
-and so on.  The GNU project set out a decade ago to develop this
-system, and we've been writing various components of it ever since.
-
-This release uses the `UK22' version of the Mach kernel, as
-distributed by the University of Utah.  It is too difficult to prepare
-a detailed list of supported devices at this point.  Common disk
-controllers and ethernet cards are generally supported.
-
-This release does not contain the X Window System.
-
-This release may be fetched by anonymous FTP from prep.ai.mit.edu
-[18.159.42] in the directory /pub/gnu/gnu-0.0/.
-
-In that directory, you should find the following files:
-
- README
- SOURCES
- INSTALL-binary
- grub-boot.image		(about 1.4 MB, not compressed)
- gnu-0.0.tar.gz			(about 56.9 MB compressed)
- gnu-0.0-stripped.tar.gz	(about 26.2 MB compressed)
-
-SOURCES contains a complete list describing the sources for the
-binaries found in the image.  INSTALL-binary contains complete
-installation instructions for this release.  
-
-(The files README, SOURCES, and INSTALL-binary are also found in the
-root directory of the gnu-0.0 release.)
-
-gnu-0.0.tar.gz holds the image of the complete system.  It unpacks
-into a directory that requires approximately 233 MB of disk space.
-
-gnu-0.0-stripped.tar.gz holds the same contents as gnu-0.0, except
-that executable programs have been stripped to save space, and the
-libraries have had debugging symbols stripped to save space and speed
-linking.  It unpacks into a directory that requires about 85.5 MB of
-disk space.
-
-We recommend using the unstripped image, or you will be unable to
-debug anything.  Surely there are bugs.  So fetch the unstripped
-image, at least to have around.
-
-grub-boot.image is an image of a 3.5" floppy disk that you will need
-in order to complete part of the installation instructions.
-
-The following free software packages are found in this release:
-
- autoconf, automake, bash, bc, binutils, bison, cpio, cvs, diffutils,
- doschk, e2fsprogs, ed, emacs, fileutils, findutils, flex, from, gawk,
- gcal, gcc, gdb, gdbm, gettext, glibc, gmp, gperf, grep, grub, gzip,
- hello, hurd, indent, inetutils, less, mach, make, m4, miscfiles,
- ncurses, nethack, nvi, patch, ptx, rcs, readline, recode, sed,
- serverboot, sharutils, shellutils, tar, termcap, termutils, texinfo,
- textutils, time, wdiff.
-
-
-------
-
-
-Here are md5sum checksums for the files mentioned in this message:
-
-b5f888bab3eb193fe97a00a141324c9d  INSTALL-binary
-345dcd826747d7b11fc78f4db162d75b  README
-1a5744bb4ed3448045fa6d24153d65fe  SOURCES
-f7b1bc428bc4ee29977a5b28f5762092  gnu-0.0-stripped.tar.gz
-24554c58e5c89f295176e17d21dbae8e  gnu-0.0.tar.gz
-8338c619d860b71bc4128c9c0fd39d63  grub-boot.image
-1fd18ccc4c81d051b83d28b13dc07ee2  hurd-0.0.tar.gz
-
------
-
-Br. Thomas Bushnell, n/BSG
-
diff --git a/hurd/history/hurd-flash14 b/hurd/history/hurd-flash14
deleted file mode 100644
index 2d67687a..00000000
--- a/hurd/history/hurd-flash14
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,62 +0,0 @@
-I am pleased to announce version 0.2 of the GNU Hurd, available via
-anonymous FTP from prep.ai.mit.edu [18.159.0.42] in the file
-/pub/gnu/hurd-0.2.tar.gz (about 1.37 MB compressed).  
-
-(The GNU Hurd, plus Mach, is a kernel, not an operating system.  The
-GNU operating system, like the Unix operating system, consists of many
-components, including kernel, libraries, compilers, assembler, shell,
-parser generators, utilities, window system, editors, text formatters,
-and so on.  The GNU project set out a decade ago to develop this
-system, and we've been writing various components of it ever since.)
-
-This release contains many bug fixes from version 0.1.  Many thanks to
-all the people who are helping find bugs!  
-
-The best way you can help find bugs is to try and compile and use on
-the Hurd as many programs as you can find and find out where bugs
-still exist.  There are also unimplemented features, and your reports
-will help us to prioritize which things we work on.
-
-The system is vastly more reliable than it has been in the past.
-
-One important addition:
-
-  New programs addauth, rmauth, unsu, su, and setauth modify the uid
-  sets of running programs.  Using addauth you can add root to your
-  emacs, write a file, and then use rmauth to take the uid back.  (Of
-  course, passwords are required when necessary.)  New program `ids'
-  will tell you what all the user ids are that a program has.  Note
-  that in the Hurd a program can have several user ids all at once,
-  just like Unix supports having several group ids.  Now that you can
-  dynamically change the ids of running programs, system
-  administration (among other things) becomes much easier.
-
-For more detailed news, see the NEWS file in the distribution.
-
-This release contains complete source code for the following:
-
-Hurd servers: 
- 
- auth, crash, devport, exec, ext2fs, fifo, fwd, ifsock, init,
- magic, new-fifo, nfs, null, pfinet, pflocal, proc, symlink, term,
- ufs, storeio, firmlink.
-
-Hurd libraries: 
- 
- diskfs, fshelp, ihash, iohelp, netfs, pager, pipe, ports, ps,
- shouldbeinlibc, store, threads, trivfs, hurdbugaddr, ftpconn
-
-Hurd utilities and other programs: 
-
- boot, shd, ps, settrans, showtrans, sync, su, mount, fsysopts,
- storeinfo, login, w, uptime, ids, sush, vmstat, portinfo, devprobe,
- reboot, halt, fsck, fsck.ufs, mkfs.ufs, clri.ufs, stati.ufs, getty,
- rc, e2os, vminfo, nfsd, mail.local, serverboot, MAKEDEV, loginpr,
- addauth, rmauth, unsu, setauth, ftpcp, ftpdir.
-
-We are also making a complete GNU 0.2 binary release, which will
-include Hurd 0.2, glibc 2.0.4, gnumach 1.1.2, and many other
-programs.  This binary release is announced separately.
-
-
-Thomas Bushnell, n/BSG
diff --git a/hurd/history/hurd-flash15 b/hurd/history/hurd-flash15
deleted file mode 100644
index 0785ac59..00000000
--- a/hurd/history/hurd-flash15
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-
-I am pleased to announce version 0.2 of the complete Hurd based GNU
-system.  This release runs only on PC-AT compatible systems with
-i[3456]86 processors.
-
-The GNU Hurd, plus Mach, is a kernel, not an operating system.  The
-GNU operating system, like the Unix operating system, consists of many
-components, including kernel, libraries, compilers, assembler, shell,
-parser generators, utilities, window system, editors, text formatters,
-and so on.  The GNU project set out a decade ago to develop this
-system, and we've been writing various components of it ever since.
-
-This release uses the GNUmach distribution of the Mach kernel, version
-1.1.3.  Popular PC devices are generally supported.
-
-This release does not contain the X Window System.
-
-This release may be fetched from the directory
-ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu/gnu-0.2.  (prep.ai.mit.edu is 18.159.42,
-for the nameserver-impaired).
-
-In that directory, you should find the following files:
-
-README
-SOURCES
-INSTALL-binary
-grub-boot.image			(about 1.5 MB, not compressed)
-gnu-0.2.tar.gz			(about 73 MB compressed)
-
-SOURCES contains a complete list describing the sources for the
-binaries found in the image.  INSTALL-binary contains complete
-installation instructions for this release.
-
-(The files README, SOURCES, and INSTALL-binary are also found in the
-root directory of the gnu-0.2 release.)
-
-gnu-0.2.tar.gz holds the image of the complete system.  It unpacks
-into a directory that requires approximately 285 MB of disk space.
-
-grub-boot.image is an image of a 3.5" floppy disk that you will need
-in order to complete part of the installation instructions.
-
-The following free software packages are included in this release:
-
-autoconf automake bash bc binutils bison cpio cvs diffutils doschk
-e2fsprogs ed emacs emacs lisp manual fileutils findutils flex from g77
-gawk gcal gcc gdb gettext glibc gmp gnuchess gnumach gnugo grep grub
-gzip hello hurd indent inetutils less libg++ lynx m4 make miscfiles
-ncurses nethack nvi patch perl ptx readline rcs recode sed sendmail
-sh-utils sharutils tar termutils texinfo textutils time wdiff
-
---
-
-Here are md5sum checksums for the files mentioned in this message:
-
-3749b016ab581e007b90d17b9092e134  INSTALL-binary
-1f800c326ba4c3a0b3f3a3463597317b  README
-40d1e1a38dd86f28fe2718081ac865cb  SOURCES
-f29c1a03c1667a8019b66f6effa89d39  gnu-0.2.tar.gz
-8ad3c7254802a16068a956e836266212  grub-boot.image
diff --git a/hurd/history/hurd-flash2 b/hurd/history/hurd-flash2
deleted file mode 100644
index b1d4f66f..00000000
--- a/hurd/history/hurd-flash2
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,152 +0,0 @@
-From: mib@churchy.gnu.ai.mit.edu (Michael I Bushnell)
-Newsgroups: gnu.misc.discuss,comp.os.mach,comp.os.linux.development,comp.os.linux.misc,comp.unix.pc-clone.32bit
-Subject: GNU Hurd Task List and Call for Volunteers
-Followup-To: gnu.misc.discuss
-Date: 18 May 1994 17:54:47 GMT
-Organization: FOO
-Lines: 140
-Message-ID: <MIB.94May18135447@churchy.gnu.ai.mit.edu>
-NNTP-Posting-Host: churchy.gnu.ai.mit.edu
-Xref: usenet.ee.pdx.edu gnu.misc.discuss:7630 comp.os.mach:1434 comp.os.linux.d
-evelopment:9867 comp.os.linux.misc:16767 comp.unix.pc-clone.32bit:5854
-
-
-Now that the Hurd can run (albeit haltingly) on its own, it is
-possible for people who do not have Mach 3.0 single-servers to
-contribute without much trouble.  (However, if you don't have a
-single-server, you probably won't be able to use a debugger, but that
-doesn't mean you can't do debugging, right?)
-
-We at the FSF don't have any expertise in setting up Mach 3.0
-machines; the machines that we do development on belong to the Open
-Software Foundation and were set up by them.  So one of the things on
-the task list is to organize things so that people (like us and most
-of you) who don't know how to do it can do it.  It's not impossible to
-figure out, it's just a pain and a marvelous thing for a volunteer to
-do.
-
-You can get Mach 3.0 from CMU; you get the C library and the Hurd from
-us.  You need the soon-to-be-released version 1.07.6 of the C library
-and the latest Hurd snapshot (as well as our special version of MiG)
-from alpha.gnu.ai.mit.edu.
-
-All our work is based upon i386.  The Hurd (except for a few programs;
-see the Hurd README file) is machine independent.  The C library
-should not be too much trouble to port.  Ports and information about
-porting difficulty for either of these are greatly desired.
-
-The Hurd is not yet self-hosting.  While you are welcome to fetch the
-code and put things together, it is not likely that you will have a
-useful system right now.  But you might be able to do significant work
-(see the task list below).  And, even if you can't do significant
-work, I'm interested in hearing about any places where you had
-particular difficulty.
-
-If you want to start on one of these tasks, please let me know so I
-can keep track of volunteers properly.  This task list will be updated
-periodically; gnu@prep.ai.mit.edu always has the latest version.
-
-	-mib
-
-GNU Hurd Task List Version 1.0.
-
-If you would like to work on one of these, please contact mib@gnu.ai.mit.edu.
-
-
-Mach 3.0 Work
-
-  o Mach 3.0 comes with CMU makefiles that depend on a drecky environment.  
-  It would be very helpful to have makefiles and installation stuff so
-  that it worked well for cross-compilation between systems and used 
-  GNU tools.
-
-  o MiG needs to be made able to support cross-compilation.
-
-  o A replacement for MiG that understood C .h files.
-
-  o Bootstrap tools and documentation to help people set up Mach 3.0
-  machines if they already have Linux; if they already have Net BSD;
-  if they don't have anything.
-
-  o Mach 3.0 needs to provide support for task virtual timers similar
-  in functionality to the Unix ITIMER_PROF and ITIMER_VIRTUAL timers.
-
-  o Mach 3.0 needs to provide a way for users to do statistical PC
-  profiling similar to the Unix profil system call.
-
-  o Mach 3.0 needs a facility to automatically send task and thread 
-  status on task/thread exit to a port that can only be changed by
-  a privileged user; this would be used to implement process 
-  accounting.
-
-  o Mach 3.0 needs a facility to find out what task is the parent of
-  a given task.
-
-  o Mach 3.0 needs a facility to find out which pages of a task's
-  address space are in core to implement Unix's mincore call.
-
-  o Mach 3.0 needs a facility to do msync.
-
-  o Mach 3.0 needs a replacement for MEMORY_OBJECT_COPY_CALL that 
-  works at least for the cases needed in ordinary files.  (Write mib if
-  you want to know what the problem is and some ideas about how to
-  solve it.)
-
-  o Mach 3.0 needs proxy memory objects.  (mib can tell you what these
-  are and why they are important.)
-
-  o Mach 3.0 needs a way to do per-task resource counters that are
-  accessible to servers called by the task.
-
-  o Mach 3.0 needs facilities to implement resource limits of various sorts.
-
-  o Mach 3.0 needs a way to have a thread's CPU time statistics
-  include time spent by servers on its behalf.
-
-  o Of course, free ports are always necessary to machines that don't
-  already have free ports.
-
-  o Much work can be done doing research in how to improve Mach VM
-  performance and timesharing scheduling policy.
-
-
-Hurd work (these are brief descriptions; mib can give more information):
-
-  o We need a translator for /dev.
-
-  o We need a replacement for utmp and wtmp that understands the
-  Hurd `login collection' concept.  Programs like who and finger
-  then need to be changed to use this.
-
-  o We need some existing shell programs changed to do Hurd things:
-  like ls, su, fsck, tar, cpio, etc.
-
-  o Some new programs need to be written: login, getty, ps, tools
-  for new filesystem features.
-
-  o Shadow directory translators.  (Roland has the beginnings of this.)
-
-  o A system for write, send, talkd and so forth to bleep users;
-  this should be integrated with the utmp replacement above.
-
-  o X.
-
-  o A filesystem for /tmp that uses virtual memory instead of disk.
-
-  o Filesystem implementations (using libdiskfs) for other popular
-  formats, especially the Linux formats as well as MSDOG.
-
-  o Transparent FTP translator.  
-  
-  o NFS client implementation.  You should start with BSD's 4.4 code
-  and support the extensions they support; don't worry about Hurd
-  extensions right now.  (The server we want to write ourselves
-  because it will probably involve changing the Hurd interfaces.)
-
-  o A fancy terminal driver that uses readline and supports detach/attach.
-
---
-+1 617 623 3248 (H)    |   The soul of Jonathan was bound to the soul of David,
-+1 617 253 8568 (W)   -+-   and Jonathan loved him as his own soul.
-1105 Broadway          |  Then Jonathan made a covenant with David
-Somerville, MA 02144   |    because he loved him as his own soul.
diff --git a/hurd/history/hurd-flash3 b/hurd/history/hurd-flash3
deleted file mode 100644
index 19a5f371..00000000
--- a/hurd/history/hurd-flash3
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,77 +0,0 @@
-Date:    Tue, 05 Jul 1994 20:15:09 -0400
-From:    mib@gnu.ai.mit.edu (Michael I Bushnell)
-To:      hurd-ann@gnu.ai.mit.edu
-Subject: New Hurd snapshot
-
-
-A new Hurd snapshot has been released.  You can get it from
-alpha.gnu.ai.mit.edu in the file /gnu/hurd-snap.tar.gz.  You will need
-the most recent version of the GNU C library; version 1.08.3 or later.
-(Version 1.08.3 is an alpha release; you can get it from
-alpha.gnu.ai.mit.edu in the same directory.)
-
-This snapshot of the Hurd has a limping terminal driver.  It can run
-emacs, bash, a whole slew of utilities, and (most importantly) GNU
-Hello.
-
-	-mib
-
-
-Here is the new part of the NEWS file:
-
-The Hurd now runs all the programs in the GNU fileutils, textutils,
-and shellutils distributions, with the exception of who.  Most
-importantly it runs GNU Hello.  Also, emacs works (with the kludgy
-`boot' terminal driver) and bash works.
-
-The simple pipes server works; it will be replaced eventually by the
-pflocal server (which isn't done yet).  The terminal driver is limping
-but working.  It doesn't support terminal ioctls yet.  A minor bug in
-auth has been fixed.  boot interprets more Hurd protocols; this was
-done to get emacs functioning.  Some more-or-less serious bugs in exec
-were fixed; they were found by running emacs (a quite large executable
-indeed).  At bootstrap time, init starts pipes and term itself;
-eventually these will be passive translators, but we don't want to
-write the new disk format until we're self-hosting or fsck and UX will
-get confused.  The file proc/primes.c has been documented; thanks go
-to Jim Blandy.  Some bugs in proc dealing with pgrp and wait were
-fixed; a nasty hash table bug was also fixed.  The simple shell can do
-pipes.  Several serious bugs in ufs were fixed dealing with extension
-of large files and writes of data not aligned on block boundaries.
-The ufs pager was over-serialized; that's been fixed.  Directory
-lookups and modifications now use mapped I/O directly; this is an
-important speed-up.  The structure of the pager lockes has been
-changed significantly.  UFS now supports Mach copying mode
-MEMORY_OBJECT_COPY_DELAY; this significantly improves process startup
-time.  
-
-Some minor changes have been made to several interfaces.  The
-interface for fs.defs:dir_readdir has been totally changed.  There are
-some new fs.defs interfaces: file_check_access, file_notice_changes,
-dir_notice_changes.  The fsys.defs:fsys_getroot interface was changed
-to work correctly.  process.defs:proc_setprocargs is renamed, and a
-fetch function proc_get_arg_locations is added.  The ifsock.defs
-interface was simplified.  
-
-Several bugs were fixed in libdiskfs.  The new dir_readdir interface
-requires new support from format-specific code.  Some race conditions
-have been fixed.  dir-pathtrans.c now deals correctly with multiple
-slashes in a row.  A new concept called "light references" allows
-pagers to remain active without preventing truncate-on-nolinks from
-working right.  New interfaces in fs.defs are implemented (except
-file_notice_changes).  Active translator usage has been fixed to work
-correctly, but passive translators are still untested.  libdiskfs now
-thinks it supports S_IFSOCK nodes, but that's untested (of course)
-because pflocal isn't done yet.
-
-The passive translator startup interface in libfshelp has been
-radically simplified.  The pager library now lets other code set and
-changee the attributes on objects, synchronously if desired.  An
-init/terminate race condition was fixed.   The ports library now
-allows single-threaded users to work right (they didn't before).  The
-trivfs library works; see the ifsock server for a simple example of
-its use.  See term or pipes for more complex examples.  
-
-There is a task list in the file `tasks'; let me know if you are
-interested in working on one of these.
-
diff --git a/hurd/history/hurd-flash4 b/hurd/history/hurd-flash4
deleted file mode 100644
index 89ae9848..00000000
--- a/hurd/history/hurd-flash4
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,101 +0,0 @@
-From:     mib@gnu.ai.mit.edu (Michael I Bushnell)
-To:       hurd-ann@gnu.ai.mit.edu
-Date:     Mon, 8 Aug 94 16:01:23 -0400
-Subject:  New Hurd Snapshot
-X-Shopping-List: 
-	  (1) Starboard sauce (2) Cinematic lesions (3) Two-way alphabetic
-	  accordions
-
-
-A new Hurd snapshot has been placed on alpha.gnu.ai.mit.edu in
-/pub/gnu/hurd-snap.tar.gz.
-
-It is expected that the next snapshot after this one will have signals
-basically working and thus be usable for a self-hosting system.  In
-addition, the next snapshot will probably have the current state of
-our networking code (which has been proceeding, but has been absent
-from the snapshots).
-
-Here is the NEWS about this current snapshot, however.  Because some
-big changes were made to the makefile and directory structure, things
-might have gotten inadvertently ommitted from the snapshot.  If this
-happened, please let me know ASAP and I'll fix it and make a new
-snapshot.
-
-	-mib
-
-
-August 8, 1994:
-
-Structural changes:
-
-Makefiles have been vastly improved and are simpler.  The programs
-`su', `ps', and `sh' have been moved from separate dirs into `utils';
-the programs `symlink' and `ifsock' have been moved into `trans'.
-
-Several changes were made to GCC use.  You should definitely get GCC
-version 2.6.0 now.  Version 2.6.1 will have distributed the proper
-`specs' file for the i386-gnu target, but it isn't quite ready yet, so
-you still have to copy hurd/gcc-specs into
-gcc-lib/i386-gnu/2.6.0/specs.
-
-
-Interface changes:
-
-The tioctl.defs suite is complete now.
-
-INTR RPC's have been changed; individual RPC's are no longer marked
-INTR.  Rather, entire interfaces are marked `INTR_INTERFACE' if they
-conform to the library's signalling/interruption expectations.
-
-There is a new magical retry type (for dir_pathtrans and fsys_getroot)
-called `machtype' and a new one `/'; the former is for @sys tweaks and
-the latter cleans up the retry of root-based symlinks a bit.
-
-There is a new interface `login.defs'.
-
-The "dotdot node" is no longer passed at fsys_startup time; instead,
-it is passed by fsys_getroot.
-
-
-Library changes:
-
-The ports library now does death-timeouts for multi-threaded servers;
-it doesn't actually work right yet, however.  Also the ports library
-has new features (soft vs. hard ports; no outstanding ports
-notifications) that enable server-death to be done cleanly.  (I hope;
-libdiskfs and ufs haven't yet been changed to use it, so libports
-might not actually have the right facilities yet.)
-
-The translator startup routines in libfshelp have been vastly improved
-(so that they can actually be used).
-
-Numerous bugfixes in libdiskfs, particularly relating to translator
-usage.  Use new magical retry type `/' when appropriate.  Use new
-dotdot node protocol.  O_FSYNC and O_NOATIME are now honored properly.
-Alternative methods of storing symlinks are now supported through new
-hooks.  
-
-The new dotdot protocol is now used by libtrivfs.  Also, users of the
-library are now able to set the atime and mtime when necessary.
-
-The special threads version of malloc has been placed back in
-libthreads now that the C library uses a Mach-safe version on its own.
-
-
-Program changes:
-
-The `boot' program no longer implements the tioctl interface now that
-the terminal driver works.
-
-A bug was fixed in the handling of pgrps in `proc'.
-
-Many bugfixes in term.  The tioctl interface is now implemented.  EOF
-processing is fixed; break characters now work right.  Signals and
-interruption are now done correctly.  VDISCARD works.  
-
-Ufs has Some bigs fixed in dir.c.  Filesystem upgraded to BSD 4.4.
-There are now some compatibility flags.  
-
-New program dev.trim does a very minimal /dev (but doesn't work yet).
-New program dev is an initial (but poor) attempt at a real /dev.
diff --git a/hurd/history/hurd-flash5 b/hurd/history/hurd-flash5
deleted file mode 100644
index 041a0ef7..00000000
--- a/hurd/history/hurd-flash5
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-From: mib@gnu.ai.mit.edu (Michael I Bushnell)
-Message-Id: <9409210619.AA17570@churchy.gnu.ai.mit.edu>
-To: "Lots of potentially interested people and" <nobody@gnu.ai.mit.edu>
-Subject: New milestone acheived by the GNU Hurd
-X-Tom-Swiftie: "I can't get this fire started," Tom said woodenly.
-
-
-I have just successfully compiled and run a null C program on the
-Hurd.  This is using GCC native as one would normally use GCC.
-
-Sadly, it took quite a while (too long, in fact) to read the large
-archives that make up the GNU C library, but I think I know where the
-substantial inefficiency is.
-
-Once that is done, I would be happy to label this a "self-hosting
-system".  But not just yet.
-
-The last bug preventing this was an error in dealing with files over
-about 8 M; this came about because in order to link a program one
-needed the GNU C library, which is over 9M when symbols are included.
-
-        -mib
-
diff --git a/hurd/history/hurd-flash6 b/hurd/history/hurd-flash6
deleted file mode 100644
index e774714e..00000000
--- a/hurd/history/hurd-flash6
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-Return-Path: <pdxgate.cs.pdx.edu!gnu.ai.mit.edu!mib>
-Received: from pdxgate.cs.pdx.edu by gnurd  with uucp
-	(Linux Smail3.1.28.1 #14) id m0r66pm-00010fC; Fri, 11 Nov 94 17:00 PST
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-Date: Fri, 11 Nov 94 16:38:44 -0500
-From: mib@gnu.ai.mit.edu (Michael I Bushnell)
-Message-Id: <9411112138.AA12580@churchy.gnu.ai.mit.edu>
-To: hurd-ann@gnu.ai.mit.edu, hurd-dev@gnu.ai.mit.edu, info-gnu@prep.ai.mit.edu
-Subject: New Hurd Snapshot
-X-Shopping-List: 
-   (1) Horrendous collision devotions (2) Wondrous consolation (3)
-   Conscious cooking auctions
-X-Filter: mailagent [version 3.0 PL19] for trent@gnurd.uu.pdx.edu
-
-
-A new Hurd snapshot has been placed on alpha.gnu.ai.mit.edu.  There
-may be unforseen problems with this snapshot, so the old one has been
-left.  You may fetch this snapshot via anonymous FTP in the file
-/gnu/hurd-snap.tar.gz.
-
-The Hurd requires a modified version of MiG; you can get it by
-anonymous ftp to kahlua.cs.utah.edu in /pub/mach/mach4-UK02p6.tar.gz.
-Note that we are not yet using Mach4 for the Hurd, but we plan to
-switch as soon as its feasible.
-
-Other necessary software to run this snapshot include the latest
-snapshot of binutils/ld/gas source from Cygnus and the latest GCC.
-(Problems have been reported with GCC 2.6.1; you might want to wait
-until 2.6.2 is released.)  And, of course, you also need the latest
-test version of the GNU C Library, found on alpha.gnu.ai.mit.edu.
-
-This is not yet a real release; it is certainly not up to the quality
-of even a hesitant alpha release.  But it may be useful for
-educational value or to help with the Hurd effort.  
-
-I will be out of town for most of the rest of the year; I will be
-reading email but I may not be able to help with problems.  Sorry...
-
-	-mib
diff --git a/hurd/history/hurd-flash7 b/hurd/history/hurd-flash7
deleted file mode 100644
index ce6e08d2..00000000
--- a/hurd/history/hurd-flash7
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-Date: Wed, 12 Apr 1995 15:08:18 -0400
-From: Michael I Bushnell <mib@gnu.ai.mit.edu>
-To: hurd-ann@duality.gnu.ai.mit.edu
-Subject: New Hurd Snapshot available
-
-A new hurd snapshot is now available from
-ftp://alpha.gnu.ai.mit.edu/gnu/hurd-snap.tar.gz.
-
-This snapshot contains many improvements over the last one, and is
-also probably easier to compile.  
-
-This snapshot must be used with the most recent libc snapshot,
-ftp://alpha.gnu.ai.mit.edu/gnu/libc-950411.tar.gz.  Previous versions
-of the library will not work right.
-
-If any files are discovered to be missing, please let me know asap.
-
diff --git a/hurd/history/hurd-flash8 b/hurd/history/hurd-flash8
deleted file mode 100644
index 555186ec..00000000
--- a/hurd/history/hurd-flash8
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,73 +0,0 @@
-Date: Sun, 23 Jul 1995 16:27:46 -0400
-Message-Id: <199507232027.QAA09306@geech.gnu.ai.mit.edu>
-From: Michael I Bushnell <mib@gnu.ai.mit.edu>
-To: hurd-ann@gnu.ai.mit.edu
-Subject: Hurd snapshot!
-X-Geek-Code: (V2.1) GCS/J/M/MU/P/S/O>AT d- H-- s-: g+++ p0 !au a- w++ v+++(*) C+
-+$ UB++++$ P--- L 3- E++ N++ K++++ W-- M- V-- po-- Y+(--) t++ 5+ j++ R- G'''' tv
-+ b+++ !D B-- e+ u++(*) h* f? r n y++
-X-Zippy-Says: I just had a NOSE JOB!!
-Sender: owner-abshurd@cs.pdx.edu
-Precedence: bulk
-
-
-I have just put a new Hurd snapshot on alpha.gnu.ai.mit.edu in
-/gnu/hurd-snap-950723.tar.gz.
-
-You will also need the new libc snapshot, which should appear in the
-same place today.  Older libc snapshots will not be happy.
-
-The binary images (hurd-floppy.fs.gz and hurd-image.tar.gz) have not
-been updated.  It is difficult to use the Hurd standalon, because the
-Mach boot loaders can now no longer boot the Hurd.  A new boot loader
-is nearly finished.  Perhaps we can make new binary images then, or a
-volunteer might take over this useful work.  (Hint, hint.)
-
-Michael
-
-
-
-Here is the NEWS:
-
-July 23, 1995
-
-Shared libraries now work; use -static to link programs and avoid the
-shared libraries.  The Hurd programs are normally built static; this
-will probably change soon.
-
-The ext2fs server now works, as do the tools to manipulate ext2fs
-filesystems.  A snapshot of the tools will be made soon under separate
-cover.  Many thanks to Ted Ts'o for his valuable work on the tools.
-
-Readers of the Makefiles will notice that we now generate dependencies
-automatically.
-
-The old netserv library is gone.
-
-The `boot' hack has been modified slightly to avoid the normalq libc startup
-files, because they no longer work with UX.
-
-Some small bugs have been fixed in the devio server.
-
-The ports library has been totally rewritten; new features permit
-servers to have greater control over thread RPC's and port creation.
-
-The fshelp library now does most of the work for translator
-interaction; it's simpler now too.  Filesystems have much less work to
-do; the relevant code in libdiskfs is now understanble instead of
-unparseable chaos.
-
-The ports library provides for timeouts; the diskfs library almost
-uses it, but because of a bug, it's disabled for now.
-
-Filesystems are now expected to sync themselves if necessary; the new
-fsys_set_options RPC provides for changeing (or cancelling) the sync
-intervale.  The diskfs library does this for you.  The update program
-is no longer necessary.
-
-A small bug in the proc server has been hacked around; the real fix
-will come later.
-
-Many important bugs in the C library have been fixed since the last
-snapshot; perhaps all of them.  ;-)
-
diff --git a/hurd/history/hurd-flash9 b/hurd/history/hurd-flash9
deleted file mode 100644
index 1ff32ba9..00000000
--- a/hurd/history/hurd-flash9
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-Date: Wed, 29 Nov 1995 13:13:23 -0500
-Message-Id: <199511291813.NAA10983@duality.gnu.ai.mit.edu>
-From: mib@gnu.ai.mit.edu (Michael I. Bushnell, p/BSG)
-To: hurd-ann@gnu.ai.mit.edu (and others)
-Subject: Announcement
-X-Geek-Code: (V2.1) GCS/J/M/MU/P/S/O>AT d- H-- s-: g+++ p0 !au a- w++ v+++(*) C+
-+$ UB++++$ P--- L 3- E++ N++ K++++ W-- M- V-- po-- Y+(--) t++ 5+ j++ R- G'''' tv
-+ b+++ !D B-- e+ u++(*) h* f? r n y++
-X-Windows: The Cutting Edge of Obsolescence.
-Sender: owner-abshurd@cs.pdx.edu
-Precedence: bulk
-
-
-The Hurd has succesfully completed its first FTP:
-
-bash# ftp 128.52.46.31
-Connected to 128.52.46.31.
-220 albert.gnu.ai.mit.edu FTP server (Version 5.60) ready.
-Name (128.52.46.31:root):
-331 Password required for root.
-Password:230 User root logged in.
-ftp> cd ~mib
-250 CWD command successful.
-ftp> get ftptest
-200 PORT command successful.
-150 Opening ASCII mode data connection for ftptest (16 bytes).
-226 Transfer complete.
-17 bytes received in 0.07 secs (0.24 Kbytes/sec)
-ftp> quit
-221 Goodbye.
-bash# cat ftptest
-this is a test.
-bash#
-
-
-Tre cool.
-
-Michael
-
diff --git a/hurd/history/port_to_l4.mdwn b/hurd/history/port_to_l4.mdwn
deleted file mode 100644
index ec72def4..00000000
--- a/hurd/history/port_to_l4.mdwn
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,102 +0,0 @@
-[[!meta copyright="Copyright © 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009
-Free Software Foundation, Inc."]]
-
-[[!meta license="""[[!toggle id="license" text="GFDL 1.2+"]][[!toggleable
-id="license" text="Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
-document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or
-any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant
-Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.  A copy of the license
-is included in the section entitled
-[[GNU Free Documentation License|/fdl]]."]]"""]]
-
-[[!meta title="Porting the Hurd to L4: Hurd/L4"]]
-
-There was an effort to port the Hurd from [[microkernel/Mach]] to the
-[[L4_microkernel_family|microkernel/L4]].
-
-The idea of using L4 as a [[microkernel]] for a [[Hurd_system|hurd]] was
-initially voiced in the [[Hurd_community|community]] by Okuji Yoshinori, who,
-for discussing this purpose, created the [[mailing lists/l4-hurd]] mailing list
-in November 2000.
-
-The project itself then was mostly lead by Marcus Brinkmann and Neal Walfield.
-Even though there was progress -- see, for example, the
-[[QEMU_image_for_L4|running/qemu/image_for_l4]] -- this port never reached a
-releasable state.  Eventually, a straight-forward port of the original Hurd's
-design wasn't deemed feasible anymore by the developers, partly due to them not
-cosidering L4 suitable for implementing a general-purpose operating system on
-top of it, and because of deficiencies in the original Hurd's design, which
-they discovered along their way.  Read the [[critique]] and a
-[[ng/position_paper]].
-
-By now, the development of Hurd/L4 has stopped.  However, Neal Walfield moved
-on to working on a newly designed kernel called [[microkernel/viengoos]].
-
-Over the years, a lot of discussion have been held on the
-[[mailing lists/l4-hurd]] mailing list, which today is still the right place
-for [[next-generation_Hurd|ng]] discussions.
-
-Development of Hurd/L4 was done in the `hurd-l4` module of the Hurd CVS
-repository.  The `doc` directory contains a design document that is worth
-reading for anyone who wishes to learn more about Hurd/L4.
-
-
-One goal of porting the Hurd to L4 was to make the Hurd independend of Mach
-interfaces, to make it somewhat microkernel-agnostic.
-
-Mach wasn't maintained by its original authors anymore, so switching to a
-well-maintained current [[microkernel]] was expected to yield a more solid
-foundation for a Hurd system than the decaying Mach design and implementation
-was able to.
-
-L4 being a second-generation [[microkernel]] was deemed to provide for a faster
-system kernel implementation, especially in the time-critical [[IPC]] paths.
-Also, as L4 was already implemented for a bunch of different architectures
-(IA32, Alpha, MIPS; SMP), and the Hurd itself being rather archtecture-unaware,
-it was expected to be able to easily support more platforms than with the
-existing system.
-
-A design upon the lean L4 kernel would finally have moved devices drivers out
-of the kernel's [[TCB]].
-
-
-One idea was to first introduce a Mach-on-L4 emulation layer, to easily get a
-usable (though slow) Hurd-using-Mach-interfaces-on-L4 system, and then
-gradually move the Hurd servers to use L4 intefaces rather than Mach ones.
-
-
-Neal Walfield started the original Hurd/L4 port while at Karlsruhe in 2002.  He
-explains:
-
-> My intention was to adapt the Hurd to exploit L4's concepts and intended
-> [[design_pattern]]s; it was not to simply provide a Mach
-> [[compatibility_layer]] on top of L4.  When I left Karlsruhe, I no longer had
-> access to [[microkernel/l4/Pistachio]] as I was unwilling to sign an NDA.
-> Although the specification was available, the Karlsruhe group only [released
-> their code in May
-> 2003](https://lists.ira.uni-karlsruhe.de/pipermail/l4ka/2003-May/000345.html).
-> Around this time, Marcus began hacking on Pistachio.  He created a relatively
-> complete run-time.  I didn't really become involved again until the second
-> half of 2004, after I complete by Bachelors degree.
-
-> Before Marcus and I considered [[microkernel/Coyotos]], we had already
-> rejected some parts of the Hurd's design.  The
-> [[open issues/resource management problems]] were
-> what prompted me to look at L4.  Also, some of the problems with
-> [[translator]]s were already well-known to us.  (For a more detailed
-> description of the problems we have identified, see our [[critique]] in the
-> 2007 July's SIGOPS OSR.  We have also written a forward-looking
-> [[ng/position_paper]].)
-
-> We visited Jonathan Shapiro at Hopkins in January 2006.  This resulted in a
-> number of discussions, some quite influential, and not always in a way which
-> aligned our position with that of Jonathan's.  This was particularly true of
-> a number of security issues.
-
-A lange number of discussion threads can be found in the archives of the
-[[mailing lists/l4-hurd]] mailing list.
-
-> Hurd-NG, as we originally called it, was an attempt to articulate the system
-> that we had come to envision in terms of interfaces and description of the
-> system's structure.  The new name was selected, if I recall correctly, as it
-> clearly wasn't the Hurd nor the Hurd based on L4.
diff --git a/hurd/libnetfs.mdwn b/hurd/libnetfs.mdwn
index fef6a8ef..a2bf47ee 100644
--- a/hurd/libnetfs.mdwn
+++ b/hurd/libnetfs.mdwn
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ result. Therefore, it is not quite right to perceive *libnetfs* nodes
 as filesystem nodes. Instead, the focus of attention should stay upon
 light nodes.
 
-##How It Wors: A More Verbose Description
+##How It Works: A More Verbose Description
 
 At first let us see how the a *libnetfs*-based translator responds to
 lookup requests. At the beginning the *netfs_attempt_lookup* callback
diff --git a/hurd/running.mdwn b/hurd/running.mdwn
index 95dc024a..470b5f0b 100644
--- a/hurd/running.mdwn
+++ b/hurd/running.mdwn
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.  A copy of the license
 is included in the section entitled
 [[GNU Free Documentation License|/fdl]]."]]"""]]
 
+There are several different ways to run a GNU/Hurd system: 
+
 * [[Distrib]] - Distributions based on the Hurd
 * [[microkernel/mach/gnumach/ports/Xen]] - In Xen
 * [[Live_CD]]
diff --git a/hurd/running/debian.mdwn b/hurd/running/debian.mdwn
index 82d84bbe..97d35bd7 100644
--- a/hurd/running/debian.mdwn
+++ b/hurd/running/debian.mdwn
@@ -1,16 +1,28 @@
 [[!meta title="Debian GNU/Hurd"]]
 
-- Debian [[FAQ]] -- Frequently Asked Questions
-- [[After_install]] -- Do this to get networking, new console and X
-- [Presentation](http://people.debian.org/~mbanck/talks/hurd_lt2004/html/)
-  *Debian GNU/Hurd* by [[MichaelBanck]], LinuxTag 2004 Karlsruhe
-- [[Status]]
-- [[Porting]] -- Helping with porting packages
-      * [[Patch_submission]] -- How to submit patches for build failures
+### Debian Resources
 
 - Official page about the Debian GNU/Hurd port: [Debian GNU/Hurd](http://www.debian.org/ports/hurd/)
+
+- Debian [[FAQ]] -- Frequently Asked Questions
+
+### Installing
+
 - [Installation Instructions](http://www.debian.org/ports/hurd/hurd-install)
   - [Upgrading K11 or K14 based systems to
     unstable](http://lists.debian.org/debian-hurd/2007/09/msg00007.html)
-- [Archive Qualification](http://wiki.debian.org/ArchiveQualification/hurd-i386)
+- [[After_install]] -- Do this to get networking, new console and X
+
+### Contributing
+
+- [[Porting]] -- Helping with porting packages
+      * [[Patch_submission]] -- How to submit patches for build failures
 - [[Creating_image_tarball]]
+
+### Additional Information
+
+- [Presentation](http://people.debian.org/~mbanck/talks/hurd_lt2004/html/)
+  *Debian GNU/Hurd* by [[MichaelBanck]], LinuxTag 2004 Karlsruhe
+- [[Status]]
+- [Archive Qualification](http://wiki.debian.org/ArchiveQualification/hurd-i386)
+
diff --git a/hurd/running/debian/porting.mdwn b/hurd/running/debian/porting.mdwn
index 0882bea3..aa044570 100644
--- a/hurd/running/debian/porting.mdwn
+++ b/hurd/running/debian/porting.mdwn
@@ -24,6 +24,9 @@ the list below or in the [Alioth task
 tracker](http://alioth.debian.org/pm/task.php?group_project_id=34&group_id=30628&func=browse)
 so other people do not do duplicated work.
 
+Also, the [[community/HurdFr]] guys maintain their own [liste des travaux de
+packaging](http://wiki.hurdfr.org/index.php/Liste_des_travaux_de_packaging).
+
 Aside from the Alioth task tracker, here is a list of some packages (the
 important ones, as they're, e.g., blocking other packages from being built)
 that need someone to work on them.
diff --git a/hurd/running/distrib.mdwn b/hurd/running/distrib.mdwn
index bbf0a380..229e2d8f 100644
--- a/hurd/running/distrib.mdwn
+++ b/hurd/running/distrib.mdwn
@@ -1,8 +1,15 @@
+Working distributions of GNU/Hurd: 
+
 * [[Debian]]
+
+GNU/Hurd distributions in early stages of development: 
+
 * [[Gentoo]]
-* [[Bee]]
 * [[GNU]]
 
+<!-- Bee GNU/Hurd doesn't seem to exist anymore. 
+* [[Bee]]
+-->
 
 # Issues
 
diff --git a/hurd/running/gentoo.mdwn b/hurd/running/gentoo.mdwn
index 89d5d9cf..2a979f41 100644
--- a/hurd/running/gentoo.mdwn
+++ b/hurd/running/gentoo.mdwn
@@ -3,6 +3,32 @@
 Unofficial port to Gentoo and the portage system. It was
 [announced](http://forums.gentoo.org/viewtopic.php?t=41939&amp;postdays=0&amp;postorder=asc&amp;start=0)
 March 17, 2003 in the Gentoo forums.  There's a #gentoo-irc channel similar to
-[[IRC]].  At present (May 2005), there's no activity and Eric Olinger has not
-the time to maintain this distri.
+[[IRC]].  
 
+### State of the GGH, 2009-05
+
+> *Did you work a bit more on the Gentoo GNU/Hurd?*
+
+I tried to resume my work 3-4 months ago but I found some problems with
+portage and python functions not implemented on Hurd so I stopped. I think
+that back in 2006 with portage 2.0.54 those functiones weren't necessary.
+
+> *And do you have some information which might help others advance what you began?*
+
+I just have all the ebuilds and binary packages I merged online on
+[http://www.mundurat.net/ggh/portage](http://www.mundurat.net/ggh/portage). 
+
+To continue my work just take a Debian/Hurd and install portage by hand.
+
+Once there take the profile and start bootstraping portage and all the
+ebuild it needs (patch, python, bzip2...).
+
+The major problems are:
+
+- combine the perfect gcc/binutils/glibc/gnumach/hurd and to be able to boot
+- lack of development on gnumach/hurd and current 'degraded' status.
+
+I don't think I can help much right now, but if you have any other
+question just write me.
+
+MiKeL
diff --git a/hurd/running/qemu.mdwn b/hurd/running/qemu.mdwn
index 661084d3..a059f3b1 100644
--- a/hurd/running/qemu.mdwn
+++ b/hurd/running/qemu.mdwn
@@ -4,8 +4,9 @@ This page discusses things for [[Unix]] systems, there is a separate page for
 
 # Readily Available Images
 
-[Official Debian GNU/Hurd QEMU
-image](http://ftp.debian-ports.org/debian-cd/K16/debian-hurd-k16-qemu.img.tar.gz)
+To try out the Hurd you can use the image of the Debian GNU/Hurd: 
+
+* [Official Debian GNU/Hurd QEMU image](http://ftp.debian-ports.org/debian-cd/K16/debian-hurd-k16-qemu.img.tar.gz)
 
 (!) Note that the following are unofficial images: they have been prepared by
 volunteers and may not have been tested extensively.
@@ -15,7 +16,9 @@ volunteers and may not have been tested extensively.
 
 * [Disk image](http://draketo.de/dateien/hurd/bab-hurd-qemu-2008-10-29.img.tar.bz2) 
   with a short intro on translators. Just start it with 'qemu *disk_image.img*'. 
-  It should work without any of the configuration below. when you use it, please [tell me your experience with it](http://draketo.de/contact)! - [[community/weblogs/ArneBab]]
+  It should work without any of the configuration below. If you want to know what you can do 
+  with it, please have a look at [[its_wikipage|hurd/running/qemu/babhurd_image]]. And when 
+  you use it, please [tell me your experience with it](http://draketo.de/contact)! - [[community/weblogs/ArneBab]]
 
 <!--* [Announcement](http://lists.debian.org/debian-hurd/2007/09/msg00000.html) of  another image. - The link in the email doesn't work anymore, too old. //-->
 
diff --git a/hurd/running/qemu/babhurd_image.mdwn b/hurd/running/qemu/babhurd_image.mdwn
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c0952fcf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hurd/running/qemu/babhurd_image.mdwn
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+What this little Hurd image can do
+----------------------------------
+
+### About this text
+
+This is the README file accompanying a 
+[disk\_image](http://draketo.de/dateien/hurd/bab-hurd-qemu-2008-10-29.img.tar.bz2) for 
+[[running_the_GNU/Hurd_via_qemu|hurd/running/qemu]]. To run the disk image, just use *'qemu 
+disk_image.img'*. 
+
+You can find the custom *.bashrc* used to tell the user about it as well as this text itself 
+in the Mercurial repository [hurd_intro](http://bitbucket.org/ArneBab/hurd_intro). 
+
+### Intro
+
+The Hurd has some unique capabilities, and we created this simple image 
+to enable you to easily try two of them: 
+
+* The simplest of translators: Hello World!
+* Transparent FTP
+
+### Hello World
+
+To try out the simplest of translators, you can go the following simple steps: 
+
+	$ cat hello  
+	$ setrans hello /hurd/hello  
+	$ cat hello  
+	"Hello World!"  
+	$ settrans -g hello  
+	$ cat hello  
+
+What you do with these steps is first verifying that the file "hello" is empty. 
+
+Then you setup the translator /hurd/hello in the file/node hello. 
+
+After that you check the contents of the file, and the translator returns "Hello World!". 
+
+To finish it, you tell the translator to go away from the file "hello" via "settrans -g hello" and verify that now the file is empty again. 
+
+### Transparent FTP
+
+We already setup a a transparent FTP translator for you at /ftp: 
+
+With it you can easily access public FTP via the file system, for example the one from the GNU project: 
+
+	$ ls /ftp://ftp.gnu.org/
+
+But you can also do this very easily yourself: 
+
+	$ # Setup the translator on the node ftp:  
+	$ settrans -c ftp: /hurd/hostmux /hurd/ftpfs /
+
+and you can access FTP sites via the pseudo-directory ftp:, for example with 
+
+	$ ls ftp://ftp.gnu.org/
+
+What you do here is setting up the translator /hurd/hostmux on ftp: and passing it the translator /hurd/ftpfs to use for resolving accesses as well as / as additional path component. 
+
+
+These were only two basic usages of translators on the Hurd. We're sure you'll quickly see many other ways to use this. 
+
+As a last comment: You can setup a translator on any node you have access to, so you can for example mount any filesystems as normal user. 
+
+You might currently be logged in as root, but you could just as well do the same as normal user. 
+
+Why don't you try it out? 
diff --git a/hurd/status.mdwn b/hurd/status.mdwn
index 1122b703..a22802ff 100644
--- a/hurd/status.mdwn
+++ b/hurd/status.mdwn
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-[[!meta copyright="Copyright © 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation,
-Inc."]]
+[[!meta copyright="Copyright © 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software
+Foundation, Inc."]]
 
 [[!meta license="""[[!toggle id="license" text="GFDL 1.2+"]][[!toggleable
 id="license" text="Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
@@ -61,3 +61,38 @@ well would be unfortunate. Moreover, it would lessen the
 possibility that they would want to try the Hurd again in the future.
 
 
+## Usability Reports
+
+### Olaf Buddenhagen, 2009-06-09
+
+> I have been using the Hurd for most of my everyday work for some two
+> years now. Most of the time it's pretty OK, but occasionally programs
+> crash, or the screen session dies, or even the whole system. Also,
+> various programs simply don't work at all, or don't work in certain
+> situations.
+> 
+> While I have learned to work around many of these issues, I don't
+> believe I would be able to use it as my primary system, without having a
+> GNU/Linux system running in parallel, as a fallback for all the stuff
+> that doesn't work on the Hurd.
+> 
+> [...]
+> 
+> One particular problem for desktop use is the fact that while X does
+> work, it works very poorly -- it's not only slow and jerky all the time,
+> but also tends to lock up completely. (At least with the local socket
+> transport... Haven't tried whether forcing TCP works better.)
+> 
+> Note that while many of the stability problems are simply bugs to fix,
+> the system will still be very fragile in the absence of these -- a
+> simple port leak is sufficient to kill it within seconds. This is
+> something that can't be easily solved. Properly fixing this will require
+> a sound resource accounting framework, i.e. very fundamental changes to
+> the system... Though I tend to believe that it could be improved at
+> least partially, at the expense of flexibility, by enforcing certain
+> fixed limits on users, processes etc. like other UNIX systems do.
+> 
+> [...]
+> 
+> [But] unlike a few years back [...] the system is stable enough under
+> load nowadays [...].
diff --git a/hurd/translator.mdwn b/hurd/translator.mdwn
index 8f2f07b4..5c14cfa9 100644
--- a/hurd/translator.mdwn
+++ b/hurd/translator.mdwn
@@ -70,6 +70,7 @@ available.
 * [[cvsfs]]
 * [[tmpfs]]
 * [[procfs]]
+* [[unionmount]]
 * ...
 
 
diff --git a/hurd/translator/tmpfs.mdwn b/hurd/translator/tmpfs.mdwn
index abd47c96..0179ad6c 100644
--- a/hurd/translator/tmpfs.mdwn
+++ b/hurd/translator/tmpfs.mdwn
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-[[!meta copyright="Copyright © 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc."]]
+[[!meta copyright="Copyright © 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation,
+Inc."]]
 
 [[!meta license="""[[!toggle id="license" text="GFDL 1.2+"]][[!toggleable
 id="license" text="Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
@@ -13,7 +14,13 @@ is included in the section entitled
 
 It is based on [[libdiskfs]].
 
-It's not working correctly at the moment.
+Even though there are other possibilities of creating a
+[[libstore/examples/ramdisk]] and running a regular, for example, [[`ext2` file
+system|ext2fs]] on it, having a real `tmpfs` is better, as it need not deal
+with the additional block-level indirection layer that `ext2` (or any other
+disk-based file system) imposes.
+
+However, `tmpfs` is not working correctly at the moment:
 
 [[!inline
 pages="hurd/translator/tmpfs/*"
diff --git a/hurd/translator/tmpfs/notes_bing.mdwn b/hurd/translator/tmpfs/notes_bing.mdwn
index b36fc1aa..fa3eeac2 100644
--- a/hurd/translator/tmpfs/notes_bing.mdwn
+++ b/hurd/translator/tmpfs/notes_bing.mdwn
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-[[!meta copyright="Copyright © 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc."]]
+[[!meta copyright="Copyright © 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation,
+Inc."]]
 
 [[!meta license="""[[!toggle id="license" text="GFDL 1.2+"]][[!toggleable
 id="license" text="Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
@@ -8,6 +9,8 @@ Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.  A copy of the license
 is included in the section entitled
 [[GNU Free Documentation License|/fdl]]."]]"""]]
 
+[[!tag open_issue_hurd]]
+
 1. to run tmpfs as a regular user, /servers/default-pager must be executable by
     that user.  by default it seems to be set to read/write.
 
diff --git a/hurd/translator/tmpfs/notes_various.mdwn b/hurd/translator/tmpfs/notes_various.mdwn
index 3ec649e5..01dc87d2 100644
--- a/hurd/translator/tmpfs/notes_various.mdwn
+++ b/hurd/translator/tmpfs/notes_various.mdwn
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-[[!meta copyright="Copyright © 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation,
-Inc."]]
+[[!meta copyright="Copyright © 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software
+Foundation, Inc."]]
 
 [[!meta license="""[[!toggle id="license" text="GFDL 1.2+"]][[!toggleable
 id="license" text="Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@ Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.  A copy of the license
 is included in the section entitled
 [[GNU Free Documentation License|/fdl]]."]]"""]]
 
+[[!tag open_issue_hurd]]
+
     <antrik> hde: what's the status on tmpfs?
     <hde> Broke
     <hde> k0ro traced the errors like the assert show above to a pager problem.
diff --git a/hurd/translator/unionfs.mdwn b/hurd/translator/unionfs.mdwn
index 8a29d0f7..6f845102 100644
--- a/hurd/translator/unionfs.mdwn
+++ b/hurd/translator/unionfs.mdwn
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-[[!meta copyright="Copyright © 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc."]]
+[[!meta copyright="Copyright © 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc."]]
 
 [[!meta license="""[[!toggle id="license" text="GFDL 1.2+"]][[!toggleable
 id="license" text="Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
@@ -15,3 +15,11 @@ is included in the section entitled
 # `stowfs`
 
 ... is a special mode of `unionfs`.
+
+# See Also
+
+  * [[unionmount]]
+
+# External Links
+
+  * [*Unioning file systems for Linux*](http://valerieaurora.org/union/)
diff --git a/hurd/translator/unionmount.mdwn b/hurd/translator/unionmount.mdwn
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..47a3d85d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hurd/translator/unionmount.mdwn
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+[[!meta copyright="Copyright © 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc."]]
+
+[[!meta license="""[[!toggle id="license" text="GFDL 1.2+"]][[!toggleable
+id="license" text="Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
+document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or
+any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant
+Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.  A copy of the license
+is included in the section entitled
+[[GNU Free Documentation License|/fdl]]."]]"""]]
+
+[[!meta title="Union Mounts"]]
+
+When setting a translator on Hurd -- similar to mounting a file system on UNIX
+-- the new node(s) exported by the translator are obscuring the original node
+where the translator is set, and any nodes below it in the directory tree. The
+translator itself can access the underlying node (which is a very nice feature,
+as it allows translators presenting the contents of the node in a different
+format); but it's no longer accessible from the "outside".
+
+Plan9 has a feature where a file system can be mounted in union mode: the new
+file system doesn't obscure the mount point in this case, but instead the
+contents are combined. (This feature has also been under discussion in Linux
+for a couple of years now, under the label "VFS-based union mounts".)
+
+This kind of union mounts is generally useful, as it's sometimes more
+convenient than unioning existing filesystem locations with unionfs -- it's not
+necessary to mount a file system that is to be unioned at some external
+location first: just union-mount it directly at the target location.
+
+But union mounts also allow creating passive translator hierarchies: If there
+is a passive translator on a parent node, and further passive translators on
+child nodes, the union mount allows the child nodes with the further translator
+settings still to be visible after the parent translator has started.
+
+This could be useful for device nodes for example: let's say we have an
+ethernet multiplexer at /dev/veth. Now the virtual subnodes could all be
+directly under /dev, i.e. /dev/veth0, /dev/veth1 etc., and explicitely refer to
+the main /dev/veth node in the translator command line. It would be more
+elegant however to store the virtual nodes direcly below the main multiplexer
+node -- /dev/veth/0, /dev/veth/1 etc.
+
+There are two possible approaches how union mounts could be implemented in the
+Hurd. The first one is to let the various translators handle union mounts
+internally, i.e. let them present the underlying nodes to the clients in
+addition to the actual nodes they export themselfs. This probably can be
+implemented as some kind of extension to the existing netfs and diskfs
+libraries.
+
+The other possible apporach is less efficient and probably more tricky, but
+probably also more generic: create a special unionmount translator, which
+serves as a kind of proxy: setting the union-mounted translator on some
+internal node; and at the actual mount location, presenting a union of the
+nodes exported by this translator, and the nodes from the underlying file
+system.
+
+The goal of this project is implementing union mounts using either of the
+approaches described above. (Though it might be useful initially to prototype
+both for comparision.) The ethernet multiplexer shall serve as an example use
+case -- any changes necessary to allow using it with the union mount
+functionality are also to be considered part of the task.
diff --git a/hurd/translator/wishlist_2.mdwn b/hurd/translator/wishlist_2.mdwn
index 3ea68999..a927db55 100644
--- a/hurd/translator/wishlist_2.mdwn
+++ b/hurd/translator/wishlist_2.mdwn
@@ -76,6 +76,8 @@ Here's an [idea](http://www.circlemud.org/~jelson/software/fusd/docs/node13.html
 
 Am I off my rocker, or does an IMAP/POP translator sound like a good idea? It would make your remote mail servers look like local ones. Or what about a translator that makes a mbox format mail spool look like a directory. Can anyone think of a good use for an SMTP translator?
 
+*Definitely: Copy my email in there to send it.* -- [[ArneBab|community/weblogs/ArneBab]]
+
 ## <a name="UUEncode"> </a> UUEncode
 
 How about a UUEncode translator for those places you can only store ASCII. Combine this with a NNTP translator and store your data in someone's Usenet archive. Or since, (as far as I know), there are no size limitations on file names in the Hurd, why not have a filesystem translator whose underlying store is a file name. (Now ls becomes cat).