This is ../doc/mach.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.8 from
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INFO-DIR-SECTION Kernel
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* GNUMach: (mach). Using and programming the GNU Mach microkernel.
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY

This file documents the GNU Mach microkernel.

This is Edition 0.4, last updated 2001-09-01, of `The GNU Mach
Reference Manual', for Version 1.3.99.

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
Invariant Sections being "Free Software Needs Free Documentation" and
"GNU Lesser General Public License", the Front-Cover texts being (a)
(see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) (see below). A
copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free
Documentation License".

(a) The FSF's Front-Cover Text is:

A GNU Manual

(b) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is:

You have freedom to copy and modify this GNU Manual, like GNU
software. Copies published by the Free Software Foundation raise
funds for GNU development.

This work is based on manual pages under the following copyright and
license:

Mach Operating System
Copyright (C) 1991,1990 Carnegie Mellon University
All Rights Reserved.

Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this software and its
documentation is hereby granted, provided that both the copyright
notice and this permission notice appear in all copies of the software,
derivative works or modified versions, and any portions thereof, and
that both notices appear in supporting documentation.

CARNEGIE MELLON ALLOWS FREE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE IN ITS "AS IS"
CONDITION. CARNEGIE MELLON DISCLAIMS ANY LIABILITY OF ANY KIND FOR ANY
DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE.

File: mach.info, Node: Commands, Next: Variables, Prev: Operation, Up: Kernel Debugger

11.2 Commands
=============

`examine(x) [/MODIFIER] ADDR[,COUNT] [ THREAD ]'
Display the addressed locations according to the formats in the
modifier. Multiple modifier formats display multiple locations.
If no format is specified, the last formats specified for this
command is used. Address space other than that of the current
thread can be specified with `t' option in the modifier and THREAD
parameter. The format characters are

`b'
look at by bytes(8 bits)

`h'
look at by half words(16 bits)

`l'
look at by long words(32 bits)

`a'
print the location being displayed

`,'
skip one unit producing no output

`A'
print the location with a line number if possible

`x'
display in unsigned hex

`z'
display in signed hex

`o'
display in unsigned octal

`d'
display in signed decimal

`u'
display in unsigned decimal

`r'
display in current radix, signed

`c'
display low 8 bits as a character. Non-printing characters
are displayed as an octal escape code (e.g. '\000').

`s'
display the null-terminated string at the location.
Non-printing characters are displayed as octal escapes.

`m'
display in unsigned hex with character dump at the end of
each line. The location is also displayed in hex at the
beginning of each line.

`i'
display as an instruction

`I'
display as an instruction with possible alternate formats
depending on the machine:

`vax'
don't assume that each external label is a procedure
entry mask

`i386'
don't round to the next long word boundary

`mips'
print register contents

`xf'
Examine forward. It executes an examine command with the last
specified parameters to it except that the next address displayed
by it is used as the start address.

`xb'
Examine backward. It executes an examine command with the last
specified parameters to it except that the last start address
subtracted by the size displayed by it is used as the start
address.

`print[/axzodurc] ADDR1 [ ADDR2 ... ]'
Print ADDR's according to the modifier character. Valid formats
are: `a' `x' `z' `o' `d' `u' `r' `c'. If no modifier is
specified, the last one specified to it is used. ADDR can be a
string, and it is printed as it is. For example,

print/x "eax = " $eax "\necx = " $ecx "\n"

will print like

eax = xxxxxx
ecx = yyyyyy

`write[/bhlt] ADDR [ THREAD ] EXPR1 [ EXPR2 ... ]'
Write the expressions at succeeding locations. The write unit
size can be specified in the modifier with a letter b (byte), h
(half word) or l(long word) respectively. If omitted, long word
is assumed. Target address space can also be specified with `t'
option in the modifier and THREAD parameter. Warning: since there
is no delimiter between expressions, strange things may happen.
It's best to enclose each expression in parentheses.

`set $VARIABLE [=] EXPR'
Set the named variable or register with the value of EXPR. Valid
variable names are described below.

`break[/tuTU] ADDR[,COUNT] [ THREAD1 ... ]'
Set a break point at ADDR. If count is supplied, continues
(COUNT-1) times before stopping at the break point. If the break
point is set, a break point number is printed with `#'. This
number can be used in deleting the break point or adding
conditions to it.

`t'
Set a break point only for a specific thread. The thread is
specified by THREAD parameter, or default one is used if the
parameter is omitted.

`u'
Set a break point in user space address. It may be combined
with `t' or `T' option to specify the non-current target user
space. Without `u' option, the address is considered in the
kernel space, and wrong space address is rejected with an
error message. This option can be used only if it is
supported by machine dependent routines.

`T'
Set a break point only for threads in a specific task. It is
like `t' option except that the break point is valid for all
threads which belong to the same task as the specified target
thread.

`U'
Set a break point in shared user space address. It is like
`u' option, except that the break point is valid for all
threads which share the same address space even if `t' option
is specified. `t' option is used only to specify the target
shared space. Without `t' option, `u' and `U' have the same
meanings. `U' is useful for setting a user space break point
in non-current address space with `t' option such as in an
emulation library space. This option can be used only if it
is supported by machine dependent routines.

Warning: if a user text is shadowed by a normal user space
debugger, user space break points may not work correctly. Setting
a break point at the low-level code paths may also cause strange
behavior.

`delete[/tuTU] ADDR|#NUMBER [ THREAD1 ... ]'
Delete the break point. The target break point can be specified
by a break point number with `#', or by ADDR like specified in
`break' command.

`cond #NUMBER [ CONDITION COMMANDS ]'
Set or delete a condition for the break point specified by the
NUMBER. If the CONDITION and COMMANDS are null, the condition is
deleted. Otherwise the condition is set for it. When the break
point is hit, the CONDITION is evaluated. The COMMANDS will be
executed if the condition is true and the break point count set by
a break point command becomes zero. COMMANDS is a list of
commands separated by semicolons. Each command in the list is
executed in that order, but if a `continue' command is executed,
the command execution stops there, and the stopped thread resumes
execution. If the command execution reaches the end of the list,
and it enters into a command input mode. For example,

set $work0 0
break/Tu xxx_start $task7.0
cond #1 (1) set $work0 1; set $work1 0; cont
break/T vm_fault $task7.0
cond #2 ($work0) set $work1 ($work1+1); cont
break/Tu xxx_end $task7.0
cond #3 ($work0) print $work1 " faults\n"; set $work0 0
cont

will print page fault counts from `xxx_start' to `xxx_end' in
`task7'.

`step[/p] [,COUNT]'
Single step COUNT times. If `p' option is specified, print each
instruction at each step. Otherwise, only print the last
instruction.

Warning: depending on machine type, it may not be possible to
single-step through some low-level code paths or user space code.
On machines with software-emulated single-stepping (e.g., pmax),
stepping through code executed by interrupt handlers will probably
do the wrong thing.

`continue[/c]'
Continue execution until a breakpoint or watchpoint. If `/c',
count instructions while executing. Some machines (e.g., pmax)
also count loads and stores.

Warning: when counting, the debugger is really silently
single-stepping. This means that single-stepping on low-level
code may cause strange behavior.

`until'
Stop at the next call or return instruction.

`next[/p]'
Stop at the matching return instruction. If `p' option is
specified, print the call nesting depth and the cumulative
instruction count at each call or return. Otherwise, only print
when the matching return is hit.

`match[/p]'
A synonym for `next'.

`trace[/tu] [ FRAME_ADDR|THREAD ][,COUNT]'
Stack trace. `u' option traces user space; if omitted, only traces
kernel space. If `t' option is specified, it shows the stack trace
of the specified thread or a default target thread. Otherwise, it
shows the stack trace of the current thread from the frame address
specified by a parameter or from the current frame. COUNT is the
number of frames to be traced. If the COUNT is omitted, all
frames are printed.

Warning: If the target thread's stack is not in the main memory at
that time, the stack trace will fail. User space stack trace is
valid only if the machine dependent code supports it.

`search[/bhl] ADDR VALUE [MASK] [,COUNT]'
Search memory for a value. This command might fail in interesting
ways if it doesn't find the searched-for value. This is because
`ddb' doesn't always recover from touching bad memory. The
optional count argument limits the search.

`macro NAME COMMANDS'
Define a debugger macro as NAME. COMMANDS is a list of commands
to be associated with the macro. In the expressions of the
command list, a variable `$argxx' can be used to get a parameter
passed to the macro. When a macro is called, each argument is
evaluated as an expression, and the value is assigned to each
parameter, `$arg1', `$arg2', ... respectively. 10 `$arg'
variables are reserved to each level of macros, and they can be
used as local variables. The nesting of macro can be allowed up
to 5 levels. For example,

macro xinit set $work0 $arg1
macro xlist examine/m $work0,4; set $work0 *($work0)
xinit *(xxx_list)
xlist
....

will print the contents of a list starting from `xxx_list' by each
`xlist' command.

`dmacro NAME'
Delete the macro named NAME.

`show all threads[/ul]'
Display all tasks and threads information. This version of `ddb'
prints more information than previous one. It shows UNIX process
information like `ps' for each task. The UNIX process information
may not be shown if it is not supported in the machine, or the
bottom of the stack of the target task is not in the main memory at
that time. It also shows task and thread identification numbers.
These numbers can be used to specify a task or a thread
symbolically in various commands. The numbers are valid only in
the same debugger session. If the execution is resumed again, the
numbers may change. The current thread can be distinguished from
others by a `#' after the thread id instead of `:'. Without `l'
option, it only shows thread id, thread structure address and the
status for each thread. The status consists of 5 letters, R(run),
W(wait), S(sus� pended), O(swapped out) and N(interruptible), and
if corresponding status bit is off, `.' is printed instead. If
`l' option is specified, more detail information is printed for
each thread.

`show task [ ADDR ]'
Display the information of a task specified by ADDR. If ADDR is
omitted, current task information is displayed.

`show thread [ ADDR ]'
Display the information of a thread specified by ADDR. If ADDR is
omitted, current thread information is displayed.

`show registers[/tu [ THREAD ]]'
Display the register set. Target thread can be specified with `t'
option and THREAD parameter. If `u' option is specified, it
displays user registers instead of kernel or currently saved one.

Warning: The support of `t' and `u' option depends on the machine.
If not supported, incorrect information will be displayed.

`show map ADDR'
Prints the `vm_map' at ADDR.

`show object ADDR'
Prints the `vm_object' at ADDR.

`show page ADDR'
Prints the `vm_page' structure at ADDR.

`show port ADDR'
Prints the `ipc_port' structure at ADDR.

`show ipc_port[/t [ THREAD ]]'
Prints all `ipc_port' structure's addresses the target thread has.
The target thread is a current thread or that specified by a
parameter.

`show macro [ NAME ]'
Show the definitions of macros. If NAME is specified, only the
definition of it is displayed. Otherwise, definitions of all
macros are displayed.

`show watches'
Displays all watchpoints.

`watch[/T] ADDR,SIZE [ TASK ]'
Set a watchpoint for a region. Execution stops when an attempt to
modify the region occurs. The SIZE argument defaults to 4.
Without `T' option, ADDR is assumed to be a kernel address. If
you want to set a watch point in user space, specify `T' and TASK
parameter where the address belongs to. If the TASK parameter is
omitted, a task of the default target thread or a current task is
assumed. If you specify a wrong space address, the request is
rejected with an error message.

Warning: Attempts to watch wired kernel memory may cause
unrecoverable error in some systems such as i386. Watchpoints on
user addresses work best.

File: mach.info, Node: Variables, Next: Expressions, Prev: Commands, Up: Kernel Debugger

11.3 Variables
==============

The debugger accesses registers and variables as $NAME. Register names
are as in the `show registers' command. Some variables are suffixed
with numbers, and may have some modifier following a colon immediately
after the variable name. For example, register variables can have `u'
and `t' modifier to indicate user register and that of a default target
thread instead of that of the current thread (e.g. `$eax:tu').

Built-in variables currently supported are:

`taskXX[.YY]'
Task or thread structure address. XX and YY are task and thread
identification numbers printed by a `show all threads' command
respectively. This variable is read only.

`thread'
The default target thread. The value is used when `t' option is
specified without explicit thread structure address parameter in
command lines or expression evaluation.

`radix'
Input and output radix

`maxoff'
Addresses are printed as SYMBOL+OFFSET unless offset is greater
than maxoff.

`maxwidth'
The width of the displayed line.

`lines'
The number of lines. It is used by `more' feature.

`tabstops'
Tab stop width.

`argXX'
Parameters passed to a macro. XX can be 1 to 10.

`workXX'
Work variable. XX can be 0 to 31.

File: mach.info, Node: Expressions, Prev: Variables, Up: Kernel Debugger

11.4 Expressions
================

Almost all expression operators in C are supported except `~', `^', and
unary `&'. Special rules in `ddb' are:

`IDENTIFIER'
name of a symbol. It is translated to the address(or value) of it.
`.' and `:' can be used in the identifier. If supported by an
object format dependent routine, [FILE_NAME:]FUNC[:LINE_NUMBER]
[FILE_NAME:]VARIABLE, and FILE_NAME[:LINE_NUMBER] can be accepted
as a symbol. The symbol may be prefixed with
`SYMBOL_TABLE_NAME::' like `emulator::mach_msg_trap' to specify
other than kernel symbols.

`NUMBER'
radix is determined by the first two letters:
`0x'
hex

`0o'
octal

`0t'
decimal

otherwise, follow current radix.

`.'
dot

`+'
next

`..'
address of the start of the last line examined. Unlike dot or
next, this is only changed by `examine' or `write' command.

`�'
last address explicitly specified.

`$VARIABLE'
register name or variable. It is translated to the value of it.
It may be followed by a `:' and modifiers as described above.

`a'
multiple of right hand side.

`*EXPR'
indirection. It may be followed by a `:' and modifiers as
described above.

File: mach.info, Node: Copying, Next: Documentation License, Prev: Kernel Debugger, Up: Top

Appendix A GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
*************************************

Version 2, June 1991

Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

A.0.1 Preamble
--------------

The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom
to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is
intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free
software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. This
General Public License applies to most of the Free Software
Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to
using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by
the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to
your programs, too.

When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it
if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in
new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.

To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid
anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights.
These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you
distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.

For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether
gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that
you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the
source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their
rights.

We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software,
and (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy,
distribute and/or modify the software.

Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain
that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free
software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we
want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so
that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original
authors' reputations.

Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software
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patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.

The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
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TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
1. This License applies to any program or other work which contains a
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an announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and
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to print an announcement.)

These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If
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Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or
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In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the
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This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed
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NO WARRANTY
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END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
=============================================

If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these
terms.

To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest
to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.

ONE LINE TO GIVE THE PROGRAM'S NAME AND AN IDEA OF WHAT IT DOES.
Copyright (C) 19YY NAME OF AUTHOR

This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
of the License, or (at your option) any later version.

This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.

You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.

Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper
mail.

If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like
this when it starts in an interactive mode:

Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 19YY NAME OF AUTHOR
Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details
type `show w'. This is free software, and you are welcome
to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c'
for details.

The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the
appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the
commands you use may be called something other than `show w' and `show
c'; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your
program.

You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or
your school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program,
if necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names:

Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright
interest in the program `Gnomovision'
(which makes passes at compilers) written
by James Hacker.

SIGNATURE OF TY COON, 1 April 1989
Ty Coon, President of Vice

This General Public License does not permit incorporating your
program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine
library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary
applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the
GNU Library General Public License instead of this License.

File: mach.info, Node: Documentation License, Next: Concept Index, Prev: Copying, Up: Top

Appendix B Documentation License
********************************

This manual is copyrighted and licensed under the GNU Free Documentation
license.

Parts of this manual are derived from the Mach manual packages
originally provided by Carnegie Mellon University.

* Menu:

* Free Documentation License:: The GNU Free Documentation License.
* CMU License:: The CMU license applies to the original Mach
kernel and its documentation.

File: mach.info, Node: Free Documentation License, Next: CMU License, Up: Documentation License

B.1 GNU Free Documentation License
==================================

Version 1.1, March 2000

Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

0. PREAMBLE

The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
written document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone
the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without
modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily,
this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get
credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for
modifications made by others.

This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.
It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
license designed for free software.

We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for
free software, because free software needs free documentation: a
free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms
that the software does. But this License is not limited to
software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless
of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book.
We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is
instruction or reference.

1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS

This License applies to any manual or other work that contains a
notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed
under the terms of this License. The "Document", below, refers to
any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee,
and is addressed as "you".

A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
modifications and/or translated into another language.

A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter
section of the Document that deals exclusively with the
relationship of the publishers or authors of the Document to the
Document's overall subject (or to related matters) and contains
nothing that could fall directly within that overall subject.
(For example, if the Document is in part a textbook of
mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics.)
The relationship could be a matter of historical connection with
the subject or with related matters, or of legal, commercial,
philosophical, ethical or political position regarding them.

The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose
titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in
the notice that says that the Document is released under this
License.

The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are
listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice
that says that the Document is released under this License.

A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
represented in a format whose specification is available to the
general public, whose contents can be viewed and edited directly
and straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images
composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some
widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to
text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of
formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an
otherwise Transparent file format whose markup has been designed
to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not
Transparent. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".

Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format,
SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and
standard-conforming simple HTML designed for human modification.
Opaque formats include PostScript, PDF, proprietary formats that
can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML
or XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally
available, and the machine-generated HTML produced by some word
processors for output purposes only.

The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the
material this License requires to appear in the title page. For
works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title
Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the
work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.

2. VERBATIM COPYING

You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License
applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you
add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You
may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading
or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However,
you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you
distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow
the conditions in section 3.

You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above,
and you may publicly display copies.

3. COPYING IN QUANTITY

If you publish printed copies of the Document numbering more than
100, and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you
must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly,
all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and
Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly
and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The
front cover must present the full title with all words of the
title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material
on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the
covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and
satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in
other respects.

If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto
adjacent pages.

If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document
numbering more than 100, you must either include a
machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or
state in or with each Opaque copy a publicly-accessible
computer-network location containing a complete Transparent copy
of the Document, free of added material, which the general
network-using public has access to download anonymously at no
charge using public-standard network protocols. If you use the
latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you
begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that
this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
location until at least one year after the last time you
distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or
retailers) of that edition to the public.

It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of
the Document well before redistributing any large number of
copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated
version of the Document.

4. MODIFICATIONS

You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document
under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you
release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with
the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus
licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to
whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these
things in the Modified Version:

A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title
distinct from that of the Document, and from those of
previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed
in the History section of the Document). You may use the
same title as a previous version if the original publisher of
that version gives permission.

B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or
entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in
the Modified Version, together with at least five of the
principal authors of the Document (all of its principal
authors, if it has less than five).

C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
Modified Version, as the publisher.

D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.

E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
adjacent to the other copyright notices.

F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license
notice giving the public permission to use the Modified
Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in
the Addendum below.

G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant
Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's
license notice.

H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.

I. Preserve the section entitled "History", and its title, and
add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new
authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on
the Title Page. If there is no section entitled "History" in
the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors,
and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page,
then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in
the previous sentence.

J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document
for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and
likewise the network locations given in the Document for
previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in
the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a
work that was published at least four years before the
Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version
it refers to gives permission.

K. In any section entitled "Acknowledgments" or "Dedications",
preserve the section's title, and preserve in the section all
the substance and tone of each of the contributor
acknowledgments and/or dedications given therein.

L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers
or the equivalent are not considered part of the section
titles.

M. Delete any section entitled "Endorsements". Such a section
may not be included in the Modified Version.

N. Do not retitle any existing section as "Endorsements" or to
conflict in title with any Invariant Section.

If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no
material copied from the Document, you may at your option
designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this,
add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified
Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any
other section titles.

You may add a section entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text
has been approved by an organization as the authoritative
definition of a standard.

You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text,
and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end
of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one
passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be
added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the
Document already includes a cover text for the same cover,
previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity
you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may
replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous
publisher that added the old one.

The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this
License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to
assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.

5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS

You may combine the Document with other documents released under
this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for
modified versions, provided that you include in the combination
all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,
unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your
combined work in its license notice.

The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name
but different contents, make the title of each such section unique
by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the
original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a
unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in
the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the
combined work.

In the combination, you must combine any sections entitled
"History" in the various original documents, forming one section
entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections entitled
"Acknowledgments", and any sections entitled "Dedications". You
must delete all sections entitled "Endorsements."

6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS

You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
documents released under this License, and replace the individual
copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the
rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the
documents in all other respects.

You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert
a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow
this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of
that document.

7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS

A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other
separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of
a storage or distribution medium, does not as a whole count as a
Modified Version of the Document, provided no compilation
copyright is claimed for the compilation. Such a compilation is
called an "aggregate", and this License does not apply to the
other self-contained works thus compiled with the Document, on
account of their being thus compiled, if they are not themselves
derivative works of the Document.

If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one
quarter of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be
placed on covers that surround only the Document within the
aggregate. Otherwise they must appear on covers around the whole
aggregate.

8. TRANSLATION

Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section
4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
translation of this License provided that you also include the
original English version of this License. In case of a
disagreement between the translation and the original English
version of this License, the original English version will prevail.

9. TERMINATION

You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
except as expressly provided for under this License. Any other
attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is
void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this
License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights,
from you under this License will not have their licenses
terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.

10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of
the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
`http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/'.

Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered
version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you
have the option of following the terms and conditions either of
that specified version or of any later version that has been
published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If
the Document does not specify a version number of this License,
you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the
Free Software Foundation.

B.1.0.1 ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
............................................................

To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
the License in the document and put the following copyright and license
notices just after the title page:

Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
Free Documentation License''.

If you have no Invariant Sections, write "with no Invariant Sections"
instead of saying which ones are invariant. If you have no Front-Cover
Texts, write "no Front-Cover Texts" instead of "Front-Cover Texts being
LIST"; likewise for Back-Cover Texts.

If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to
permit their use in free software.

File: mach.info, Node: CMU License, Prev: Free Documentation License, Up: Documentation License

B.2 CMU License
===============

Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this software and
its documentation is hereby granted, provided that both the
copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies
of the software, derivative works or modified versions, and any
portions thereof, and that both notices appear in supporting
documentation.

CARNEGIE MELLON ALLOWS FREE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE IN ITS "AS IS"
CONDITION. CARNEGIE MELLON DISCLAIMS ANY LIABILITY OF ANY KIND FOR
ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE.

Carnegie Mellon requests users of this software to return to

Software Distribution Coordinator
School of Computer Science
Carnegie Mellon University
Pittsburgh PA 15213-3890

or <Software.Distribution@CS.CMU.EDU> any improvements or
extensions that they make and grant Carnegie Mellon the rights to
redistribute these changes.

File: mach.info, Node: Concept Index, Next: Function and Data Index, Prev: Documentation License, Up: Top

Concept Index
*************

�[index�]
* Menu:

* communication between tasks: Major Concepts. (line 6)
* composing messages: Message Format. (line 6)
* device port: Device Interface. (line 13)
* FDL, GNU Free Documentation License: Free Documentation License.
(line 6)
* format of a message: Message Format. (line 6)
* GPL, GNU General Public License: Copying. (line 6)
* GRand Unified Bootloader: Bootloader. (line 13)
* GRUB: Bootloader. (line 13)
* host control port: Host Ports. (line 34)
* host interface: Host Interface. (line 6)
* host name port: Host Ports. (line 6)
* host ports: Host Ports. (line 6)
* interprocess communication (IPC): Major Concepts. (line 6)
* IPC (interprocess communication): Major Concepts. (line 6)
* IPC space port: Port Manipulation Interface.
(line 9)
* message composition: Message Format. (line 6)
* message format: Message Format. (line 6)
* messages: Major Concepts. (line 6)
* moving port rights: Exchanging Port Rights.
(line 6)
* port representing a device: Device Interface. (line 13)
* port representing a processor: Processor Interface. (line 6)
* port representing a processor set name: Processor Set Ports. (line 6)
* port representing a task: Task Interface. (line 6)
* port representing a thread: Thread Interface. (line 6)
* port representing a virtual memory map: Virtual Memory Interface.
(line 6)
* port representing an IPC space: Port Manipulation Interface.
(line 9)
* ports representing a host: Host Ports. (line 6)
* ports representing a processor set: Processor Set Ports. (line 6)
* processor port: Processor Interface. (line 6)
* processor set name port: Processor Set Ports. (line 6)
* processor set port: Processor Set Ports. (line 13)
* processor set ports: Processor Set Ports. (line 6)
* receiving memory: Memory. (line 6)
* receiving port rights: Exchanging Port Rights.
(line 6)
* remote procedure calls (RPC): Major Concepts. (line 6)
* RPC (remote procedure calls): Major Concepts. (line 6)
* sending memory: Memory. (line 6)
* sending messages: Message Send. (line 6)
* sending port rights: Exchanging Port Rights.
(line 6)
* serverboot: Modules. (line 6)
* task port: Task Interface. (line 6)
* thread port: Thread Interface. (line 6)
* virtual memory map port: Virtual Memory Interface.
(line 6)

File: mach.info, Node: Function and Data Index, Prev: Concept Index, Up: Top

Function and Data Index
***********************

�[index�]
* Menu:

* catch_exception_raise: Exceptions. (line 9)
* device_close: Device Close. (line 7)
* device_get_status: Device Status. (line 20)
* device_map: Device Map. (line 9)
* device_open: Device Open. (line 8)
* device_open_request: Device Open. (line 36)
* device_read: Device Read. (line 9)
* device_read_inband: Device Read. (line 27)
* device_read_request: Device Read. (line 34)
* device_read_request_inband: Device Read. (line 51)
* device_reply_server: Device Reply Server. (line 12)
* device_set_filter: Device Filter. (line 10)
* device_set_status: Device Status. (line 9)
* device_t: Device Interface. (line 14)
* device_write: Device Write. (line 9)
* device_write_inband: Device Write. (line 24)
* device_write_request: Device Write. (line 31)
* device_write_request_inband: Device Write. (line 49)
* ds_device_open_reply: Device Open. (line 39)
* ds_device_read_reply: Device Read. (line 37)
* ds_device_read_reply_inband: Device Read. (line 54)
* ds_device_write_reply: Device Write. (line 34)
* ds_device_write_reply_inband: Device Write. (line 52)
* evc_wait: Exceptions. (line 18)
* exception_raise: Exceptions. (line 15)
* host_adjust_time: Host Time. (line 43)
* host_basic_info_t: Host Information. (line 75)
* host_get_boot_info: Host Information. (line 114)
* host_get_time: Host Time. (line 34)
* host_info: Host Information. (line 9)
* host_kernel_version: Host Information. (line 96)
* host_priv_t: Host Ports. (line 35)
* host_processor_set_priv: Processor Set Access.
(line 25)
* host_processor_sets: Processor Set Access.
(line 9)
* host_processors: Hosted Processors. (line 9)
* host_reboot: Host Reboot. (line 8)
* host_sched_info_t: Host Information. (line 92)
* host_set_time: Host Time. (line 39)
* host_t: Host Ports. (line 7)
* ipc_space_t: Port Manipulation Interface.
(line 10)
* mach_host_self: Host Ports. (line 14)
* mach_msg: Mach Message Call. (line 13)
* mach_msg_bits_t: Message Format. (line 21)
* mach_msg_header_t: Message Format. (line 33)
* mach_msg_id_t: Message Format. (line 29)
* mach_msg_size_t: Message Format. (line 25)
* mach_msg_timeout_t: Mach Message Call. (line 61)
* mach_msg_type_long_t: Message Format. (line 248)
* mach_msg_type_name_t: Message Format. (line 128)
* mach_msg_type_number_t: Message Format. (line 138)
* MACH_MSG_TYPE_PORT_ANY: Message Format. (line 234)
* MACH_MSG_TYPE_PORT_ANY_RIGHT: Message Format. (line 244)
* MACH_MSG_TYPE_PORT_ANY_SEND: Message Format. (line 239)
* mach_msg_type_size_t: Message Format. (line 133)
* mach_msg_type_t: Message Format. (line 143)
* MACH_MSGH_BITS: Message Format. (line 96)
* MACH_MSGH_BITS_LOCAL: Message Format. (line 108)
* MACH_MSGH_BITS_OTHER: Message Format. (line 117)
* MACH_MSGH_BITS_PORTS: Message Format. (line 112)
* MACH_MSGH_BITS_REMOTE: Message Format. (line 103)
* mach_port_allocate: Port Creation. (line 8)
* mach_port_allocate_name: Port Creation. (line 66)
* mach_port_deallocate: Port Destruction. (line 8)
* mach_port_destroy: Port Destruction. (line 30)
* mach_port_extract_right: Ports and other Tasks.
(line 59)
* mach_port_get_receive_status: Receive Rights. (line 57)
* mach_port_get_refs: Port Rights. (line 9)
* mach_port_get_set_status: Port Sets. (line 9)
* mach_port_insert_right: Ports and other Tasks.
(line 9)
* mach_port_mod_refs: Port Rights. (line 42)
* mach_port_move_member: Port Sets. (line 28)
* mach_port_mscount_t: Receive Rights. (line 11)
* mach_port_msgcount_t: Receive Rights. (line 15)
* mach_port_names: Port Names. (line 9)
* mach_port_rename: Port Names. (line 77)
* mach_port_request_notification: Request Notifications.
(line 10)
* mach_port_rights_t: Receive Rights. (line 19)
* mach_port_seqno_t: Receive Rights. (line 7)
* mach_port_set_mscount: Receive Rights. (line 73)
* mach_port_set_qlimit: Receive Rights. (line 90)
* mach_port_set_seqno: Receive Rights. (line 108)
* mach_port_status_t: Receive Rights. (line 23)
* mach_port_t: Message Format. (line 14)
* mach_port_type: Port Names. (line 35)
* mach_reply_port: Port Creation. (line 48)
* mach_task_self: Task Information. (line 7)
* mach_thread_self: Thread Information. (line 7)
* mapped_time_value_t: Host Time. (line 51)
* memory_object_change_attributes: Memory Object Attributes.
(line 30)
* memory_object_change_completed: Memory Object Attributes.
(line 63)
* memory_object_copy: Memory Objects and Data.
(line 209)
* memory_object_create: Default Memory Manager.
(line 30)
* memory_object_data_error: Memory Objects and Data.
(line 157)
* memory_object_data_initialize: Default Memory Manager.
(line 73)
* memory_object_data_provided: Memory Objects and Data.
(line 289)
* memory_object_data_request: Memory Objects and Data.
(line 49)
* memory_object_data_return: Memory Objects and Data.
(line 11)
* memory_object_data_supply: Memory Objects and Data.
(line 84)
* memory_object_data_unavailable: Memory Objects and Data.
(line 177)
* memory_object_data_unlock: Memory Object Locking.
(line 85)
* memory_object_data_write: Memory Objects and Data.
(line 260)
* memory_object_default_server: Memory Object Server.
(line 10)
* memory_object_destroy: Memory Object Termination.
(line 37)
* memory_object_get_attributes: Memory Object Attributes.
(line 10)
* memory_object_init: Memory Object Creation.
(line 11)
* memory_object_lock_completed: Memory Object Locking.
(line 59)
* memory_object_lock_request: Memory Object Locking.
(line 11)
* memory_object_ready: Memory Object Creation.
(line 52)
* memory_object_server: Memory Object Server.
(line 8)
* memory_object_set_attributes: Memory Object Attributes.
(line 82)
* memory_object_supply_completed: Memory Objects and Data.
(line 127)
* memory_object_terminate: Memory Object Termination.
(line 10)
* processor_assign: Processors and Sets. (line 8)
* processor_basic_info_t: Processor Info. (line 67)
* processor_control: Processor Control. (line 10)
* processor_exit: Processor Control. (line 8)
* processor_get_assignment: Processors and Sets. (line 32)
* processor_info: Processor Info. (line 9)
* processor_set_basic_info_t: Processor Set Info. (line 75)
* processor_set_create: Processor Set Creation.
(line 8)
* processor_set_default: Processor Set Access.
(line 36)
* processor_set_destroy: Processor Set Destruction.
(line 8)
* processor_set_info: Processor Set Info. (line 10)
* processor_set_max_priority: Processor Set Priority.
(line 9)
* processor_set_name_t: Processor Set Ports. (line 7)
* processor_set_policy_disable: Processor Set Policy.
(line 11)
* processor_set_policy_enable: Processor Set Policy.
(line 8)
* processor_set_sched_info_t: Processor Set Info. (line 93)
* processor_set_t: Processor Set Ports. (line 14)
* processor_set_tasks: Tasks and Threads on Sets.
(line 9)
* processor_set_threads: Tasks and Threads on Sets.
(line 23)
* processor_start: Processor Control. (line 7)
* processor_t: Processor Interface. (line 7)
* sampled_pc_flavor_t: Profiling. (line 67)
* sampled_pc_t: Profiling. (line 52)
* seqnos_memory_object_change_completed: Memory Object Attributes.
(line 67)
* seqnos_memory_object_copy: Memory Objects and Data.
(line 214)
* seqnos_memory_object_create: Default Memory Manager.
(line 35)
* seqnos_memory_object_data_initialize: Default Memory Manager.
(line 77)
* seqnos_memory_object_data_request: Memory Objects and Data.
(line 53)
* seqnos_memory_object_data_return: Memory Objects and Data.
(line 16)
* seqnos_memory_object_data_unlock: Memory Object Locking.
(line 89)
* seqnos_memory_object_data_write: Memory Objects and Data.
(line 264)
* seqnos_memory_object_default_server: Memory Object Server.
(line 14)
* seqnos_memory_object_init: Memory Object Creation.
(line 16)
* seqnos_memory_object_lock_completed: Memory Object Locking.
(line 63)
* seqnos_memory_object_server: Memory Object Server.
(line 12)
* seqnos_memory_object_supply_completed: Memory Objects and Data.
(line 132)
* seqnos_memory_object_terminate: Memory Object Termination.
(line 14)
* struct host_basic_info: Host Information. (line 48)
* struct host_sched_info: Host Information. (line 78)
* struct processor_basic_info: Processor Info. (line 44)
* struct processor_set_basic_info: Processor Set Info. (line 51)
* struct processor_set_sched_info: Processor Set Info. (line 78)
* struct task_basic_info: Task Information. (line 82)
* struct task_events_info: Task Information. (line 114)
* struct task_thread_times_info: Task Information. (line 145)
* struct thread_basic_info: Thread Information. (line 66)
* struct thread_sched_info: Thread Information. (line 128)
* swtch: Hand-Off Scheduling. (line 81)
* swtch_pri: Hand-Off Scheduling. (line 93)
* task_assign: Tasks and Threads on Sets.
(line 36)
* task_assign_default: Tasks and Threads on Sets.
(line 49)
* task_basic_info_t: Task Information. (line 111)
* task_create: Task Creation. (line 8)
* task_disable_pc_sampling: Profiling. (line 22)
* task_enable_pc_sampling: Profiling. (line 8)
* task_events_info_t: Task Information. (line 142)
* task_get_assignment: Tasks and Threads on Sets.
(line 60)
* task_get_bootstrap_port: Task Special Ports. (line 42)
* task_get_emulation_vector: Syscall Emulation. (line 9)
* task_get_exception_port: Task Special Ports. (line 36)
* task_get_kernel_port: Task Special Ports. (line 30)
* task_get_sampled_pcs: Profiling. (line 36)
* task_get_special_port: Task Special Ports. (line 8)
* task_info: Task Information. (line 44)
* task_priority: Task Execution. (line 29)
* task_ras_control: Task Execution. (line 47)
* task_resume: Task Execution. (line 19)
* task_set_bootstrap_port: Task Special Ports. (line 78)
* task_set_emulation: Syscall Emulation. (line 22)
* task_set_emulation_vector: Syscall Emulation. (line 15)
* task_set_exception_port: Task Special Ports. (line 72)
* task_set_kernel_port: Task Special Ports. (line 66)
* task_set_special_port: Task Special Ports. (line 48)
* task_suspend: Task Execution. (line 7)
* task_t: Task Interface. (line 7)
* task_terminate: Task Termination. (line 7)
* task_thread_times_info_t: Task Information. (line 159)
* task_threads: Task Information. (line 33)
* thread_abort: Thread Execution. (line 38)
* thread_assign: Tasks and Threads on Sets.
(line 72)
* thread_assign_default: Tasks and Threads on Sets.
(line 85)
* thread_basic_info_t: Thread Information. (line 125)
* thread_create: Thread Creation. (line 8)
* thread_depress_abort: Hand-Off Scheduling. (line 74)
* thread_disable_pc_sampling: Profiling. (line 24)
* thread_enable_pc_sampling: Profiling. (line 10)
* thread_get_assignment: Tasks and Threads on Sets.
(line 96)
* thread_get_exception_port: Thread Special Ports.
(line 27)
* thread_get_kernel_port: Thread Special Ports.
(line 21)
* thread_get_sampled_pcs: Profiling. (line 39)
* thread_get_special_port: Thread Special Ports.
(line 8)
* thread_get_state: Thread Execution. (line 102)
* thread_info: Thread Information. (line 33)
* thread_max_priority: Thread Priority. (line 38)
* thread_policy: Scheduling Policy. (line 8)
* thread_priority: Thread Priority. (line 20)
* thread_resume: Thread Execution. (line 29)
* thread_sched_info_t: Thread Information. (line 159)
* thread_set_exception_port: Thread Special Ports.
(line 52)
* thread_set_kernel_port: Thread Special Ports.
(line 46)
* thread_set_special_port: Thread Special Ports.
(line 33)
* thread_set_state: Thread Execution. (line 126)
* thread_suspend: Thread Execution. (line 7)
* thread_switch: Hand-Off Scheduling. (line 8)
* thread_t: Thread Interface. (line 7)
* thread_terminate: Thread Termination. (line 7)
* thread_wire: Thread Settings. (line 8)
* time_value_add: Host Time. (line 25)
* time_value_add_usec: Host Time. (line 21)
* time_value_t: Host Time. (line 7)
* vm_allocate: Memory Allocation. (line 8)
* vm_copy: Data Transfer. (line 53)
* vm_deallocate: Memory Deallocation. (line 8)
* vm_inherit: Memory Attributes. (line 70)
* vm_machine_attribute: Memory Attributes. (line 134)
* vm_map: Mapping Memory Objects.
(line 11)
* vm_protect: Memory Attributes. (line 36)
* vm_read: Data Transfer. (line 9)
* vm_region: Memory Attributes. (line 11)
* vm_set_default_memory_manager: Default Memory Manager.
(line 8)
* vm_statistics: Memory Statistics. (line 52)
* vm_statistics_data_t: Memory Statistics. (line 7)
* vm_task_t: Virtual Memory Interface.
(line 7)
* vm_wire: Memory Attributes. (line 101)
* vm_write: Data Transfer. (line 34)