[[!meta copyright="Copyright © 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc."]] [[!meta license="""[[!toggle id="license" text="GFDL 1.2+"]][[!toggleable id="license" text="Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled [[GNU Free Documentation License|/fdl]]."]]"""]] [[!tag open_issue_gnumach open_issue_hurd]] This is a collection of resources concerning *user-space device drivers*. Also see [[device drivers and IO systems]]. [[community/gsoc/project ideas/driver glue code]]. [[!toc levels=2]] # Issues ## IRQs * Can be modeled using [[RPC]]s. * Security considerations: IRQ sharing. * *Omega0* paper defines an interface. * As is can be read in the *Mach 3 Kernel Principles*, there is an *event object* facility in Mach that can be used for having user-space tasks react to IRQs. However, at least in GNU Mach, that code (`kern/eventcount.c`) doesn't seem functional at all and isn't integrated properly in the kernel. * IRC, freenode, #hurd, 2011-07-29 < antrik> regarding performance of userspace drivers, there is one thing that really adds considerable overhead: interrupt handling. whether this is relevant very much depends on the hardware in question. when sending many small packets over gigabit ethernet, it might be noticable; in most other cases it's irrelevant < youpi> some cards support interrupt coalescin < youpi> could be supported by DDE too ## DMA * Security considerations. * I/O MMU. ### IRC, freenode, #hurd, 2012-08-15 hi. does hurd support mesa? carli2: software only, but yes :( so you did not solve the problem with the CS checkers and GPU DMA for microkernels yet, right? cs = ? control stream the data sent to the gpu no and to be honest we're not currently trying to well, a microkernel containing cs checkers for each hardware is not a microkernel any more the problem is having the ability to check or rather, giving only what's necessary to delegate checking to mmus but maybe the kernel could have a smaller interface like a function to check if a memory block is owned by a process i'm not sure what you refer to about DMA-capable devices you can send messages to carli2: dma must be delegated to a trusted server linux checks the data sent to these devices, parses them and checks all pointers if they are in a memory range that the client is allowed to read/write from the client ? in linux, 3d drivers are in user space, so the kernel side checks the pointer sent to the GPU carli2: mach could do that as well well, there is a rather large part in kernel space too so in hurd I trust some drivers to not do evil things? those in the kernel yes what does "in the kernel" mean? afaik a microkernel only has memory manager and some basic memory sharing and messaging functionality did you read about the hurd ? mach is considered an hybrid kernel, not a true microkernel even with all drivers outside, it's still an hybrid although we're to move some parts into userlands :) braunr: ah, why? youpi: the vm part is too large ok the microkernel dogma is no policy inside the kernel "except scheduling because it's very complicated" but all modern systems have moved memory management outisde the kernel, leaving just the kernel abstraction inside the adress space kernel abstraction and the two components required to make it work are what l4re calls region mappers (the rough equivalent of our vm_map), which decides how to allocate regions in an address space and the pager, like ours, which are already external i'm not a OS developer, i mostly develop games, web services and sometimes I fix gpu drivers that was just FYI but yes, dma must be considered something privileged and the hurd doesn't have the infrastructure you seem to be looking for ## I/O Ports * Security considerations. ## PCI and other buses * Security considerations: sharing. ## Latency of doing RPCs * [[GNU Mach|microkernel/mach/gnumach]] is said to have a high overhead when doing RPC calls. ## System Boot A similar problem is described in [[community/gsoc/project_ideas/unionfs_boot]], and needs to be implemented. ### IRC, freenode, #hurd, 2011-07-27 < braunr> btw, was there any formulation of the modifications required to have disk drivers in userspace ? < braunr> (which would obviously need something like initrd/initramfs/whatever and may also need the root file system not to be the first task started) < braunr> hm actually, we may not need initrd < braunr> the boot loader could just load more modules < antrik> braunr: I have described all that in my thesis report... in German :-( < braunr> and the boot scripts could be adjusted to pass around the right ports < Tekk_> braunr: yeah, we could probably load a module that kciks us into userspace and starts the disk driver < braunr> modules are actualy userspace executables < Tekk_> ah < Tekk_> so what's the issue? < Tekk_> oh! I'm thinking the ext2fs server, which is already in userspce < braunr> change the file systems to tell them which underlying disk driver to use < Tekk_> mhm < braunr> s/disk/storage/ #### IRC, freenode, #hurd, 2012-04-25 btw, remember the initrd thing? I just came across task.c in libstore/ :) #### IRC, freenode, #hurd, 2013-06-24 we added a new initrd command to gnumach, to expose a new mach device, which ext2fs can open and unzip we consider replacing that with simply putting the data in a dead process s/process/task and let ext2fs read data from the task, and kill it when done ok alternatively, tmps would work with an initial .tar.gz payload that would be best for memory usage tmpfs* can't we replace the initrd concept with sub/neighbourhood? setting up tmpfs with an initial payload could be done with a bootstrap subhurd yes but it seems to me that having tmpfs being able to have an initial payload is interesting is there any advantage of the tmpfs translator prefilled with a tarball over ext2fs with copy & bunzip? memory usage ext2fs with copy&bunzip takes memory for zeroes and we have to forecast how much data might be stored (if writable) ah sure but why would it have to be in the tmpfs translator? I why not start the translator and have tar extract stuff there? with the livecd I had trouble replacing the root translator, but when using subhurds that shouldn't be a prwoblem at all I don't have a real opinion on this except that people don't usually like initrd :) 12:43 < teythoon> but why would it have to be in the tmpfs translator? I why not start the translator and have tar extract stuff there? that sounds an awful lot like an initramfs yes, exactly, without actually having an initramfs of course yep i actually prefer that way too a system on a r/o isofs cannot do much, but it can do this on the other hand, i wouldn't spend much time on a virtio disk driver for now the hurd as it is can't boot on a device that isn't managed by the kernel we'd need to change the boot protocol [[virtio]]. #### IRC, freenode, #hurd, 2013-06-28 I'm tempted to redo a livecd, simpler and without the initrd hack that youpi used for d-i initrd hack ? you mean more a la initramfs then ? no, I thought about using a r/o isofs translator, but instead of fixing that one up with a r/w overlay and lot's of firmlinks like I used to, it would just start an ext2fs translator with copy on an image stored on the iso and start a subhurd why a subhurd ? neighbourhurd even b/c back in the days I had trouble replacing / yes, that's hard subhurd would take of that for free are you sure ? somewhat i'm not, but this requires thorough thinking and i'm not there yet y would it not? just start a subhurd and let that one take over the console and let the user and d-i play nicely in that environment no hacks involved because it would require sharing things between the two system instances, and that's not easy no but the bootstrap system does nothing after launching the subhurd I mean yes, technically true, but why would it be hard to share with someone who does nothing? the context isn't well defined enough to clearly state anything if you don't use the resources of the first hurd, that's ok otherwise, it may be easy or not, i don't know yet you think it's worth a shot and see what issues crop up? sure definitely it doesn't sound complicated at all it's easy enough to the point we see something goes wrong or works completely so worth testin cool :) ### IRC, freenode, #hurd, 2012-07-17 OK, here is a stupid question I have always had. If you move PCI and disk drivers in to userspace, how do do initial bootstrap to get the system booting? that's hard basically you make the boot loader load all the components you need in ram then you make it give each component something (ports) so they can communicate ### IRC, freenode, #hurd, 2012-08-12 braunr: so, about booting with userspace disk drivers after rereading the chapter in my thesis, I see that there aren't really all than many interesting options... I pondered some variants involving a temporary boot filesystem with handoff to the real root FS; but ultimately concluded with another option that is slightly less elegant but probably gets a much better usefulness/complexity ratio: just start the root filesystem as the first process as we used to; only hack it so that initially it doesn't try to access the disk, but instead gets the files from GRUB once the disk driver is operational, we flip a switch, and the root filesystem starts reading stuff from disk normally transparently for all other processes How does grub access the disk without drivers? bddebian: GRUB obviously has its own drivers... that's how it loads the kernel and modules bddebian: basically, it would have to load additional modules for all the components necessary to get the Hurd disk driver going Right, why wouldn't that be possible? (I have some more crazy ideas too -- but these are mostly orthogonal :-) ) ? I'm describing this because I'm pretty sure it *is* possible :-) That grub loads the kernel and whatever server/module gets access to the disk not sure what you mean Well as usual I probably don't know the proper terminology but why could grub load gnumach and the hurd "disk server" that contains the userspace drivers? disk server? Oh FFS whatever contains the disk drivers :) diskdde, whatever :) actually, I never liked the idea of having a big driver blob very much... ideally each driver should have it's own file but that's admittedly beside the point :-) its so to restate: in addition to gnumach, ext2fs.static, and ld.so, in the new scenario GRUB will also load exec, the disk driver, any libraries these two depend upon, and any additional infrastructure involved in getting the disk driver running (for automatic probing or whatever) probably some other Hurd core servers too, so we can have a more complete POSIX environment for the disk driver to run in There ya go :) the interesting part is modifying ext2fs so it will access only the GRUB-provided files, until it is told that it's OK now to access the real disk (and the mechanism how ext2 actually gets at the GRUB-provided files) Or write some new really small ext2fs? :) ? I'm just talking out my butt. Something temporary that gets disposed of when the real disk is available :) well, I mentioned above that I considered some handoff schemes... but they would probably be more complex to implement than doing the switchover internally in ext2 Ah boot up in a ramdisk? :) (and the temporary FS would *not* be an ext2 obviously, but rather some special ramdisk-like filesystem operating from GRUB-loaded files...) again, that would require a complicated handoff-scheme Bah, what do I know? :) (well, you could of course go with a trivial chroot()... but that would be ugly and inefficient, as the initial processes would still run from the ramdisk) Aren't most things running in memory initially anyway? At what point must it have access to the real disk? antrik: but doesn't that require that disk drivers be statically linked ? and having all disk drivers in separate tasks (which is what we prefer to blobs as you put it) seems to pretty much forbid using static linking hm actually, i don't see how any solution could work without static linking, as it would create a recursion and the only one required is the one used by the root file system others can be run from the dynamically linked version antrik: i agree, it's a good approach, requiring only a slightly more complicated boot script/sequence bddebian: at some point we have to access the real disk so we don't have to work exclusively with stuff loaded by grub... but there is no specific point where it *has* to happen. generally speaking, the sooner the better braunr: why wouldn't that work with a dynamically linked disk driver? we only need to make sure all required libraries are loaded by grub too antrik: i have a problem with that approach :p antrik: it would probably require a reboot when those libraries are upgraded, wouldn't it ? I'd actually wish we could run with a dynamically linked ext2fs as well... but that would require a separated boot filesystem and some kind of handoff approach, which would be much more complicated I fear... and if a driver is restarted, would it use those libraries too ? and if so, how to find them ? but how can you run a dynamically linked root file system ? unless the libraries it uses are provided by something else, as you said braunr: well, if you upgrade the libraries, *and* want the disk driver to use the upgraded libraries, you are obviously in a tricky situation ;-) yes perhaps you could tell ext2 to preload the new libraries before restarting the disk driver... but that's a minor quibble anyways IMHO but that case isn't that important actually, since upgrading these libraries usually means we're upgrading the system, which can imply a reoobt i don't think it is it looks very complicated to me think of restart as after a crash :p you can't preload stuff in that case uh? I don't see anything particularily complicated. but my point was more that it's not a big thing if that's not implemented IMHO right it's not that important but i still think statically linking is better although i'm not sure about some details oh, you mean how to make the root filesystem use new libraries without a reboot? that would be tricky indeed... but this is not possible right now either, so that's not a regression i assume that, when statically linking, only the .o providing the required symbols are included, right ? making the root filesystem restartable is a whole different epic story ;-) antrik: not the root file system, but the disk driver but i guess it's the same no, it's not ah for the disk driver it's really not that hard I believe still some extra effort, but definitely doable with the preload you mentioned yes i see i don't think it's worth the trouble actually statically linking looks way simpler and should make for smaller binaries than if libraries were loaded by grub no, I really don't want statically linked disk drivers why ? again, I'd prefer even ext2fs to be dynamic -- only that would be much more complicated the point of dynamically linking is sharing while dynamic disk drivers do not require any extra effort beyond loading the libraries with grub but if it means sharing big files that are seldom used (i assume there is a lot of code that simply isn't used by hurd servers), i don't see the point right. and with the approach I proposed that will work just as it should err... what big files? glibc ? I don't get your point you prefer statically linking everything needed before the disk driver runs (which BTW is much more than only the disk driver itself) to using normal shared libraries like the rest of the system?... it's not "like the rest of the system" the libraries loaded by grub wouldn't be back by the ext2fs server they would be wired in memory you'd have two copies of them, the one loaded by grub, and the one shared by normal executables no i prefer static linking because, if done correctly, the combined size of the root file system and the disk driver should be smaller than that of the rootfs+disk driver and libraries loaded by grub apparently I was not quite clear how my approach would work :-( probably not (preventing that is actually the reason why I do *not* want as simple boot filesystem+chroot approach) and initramfs can be easily freed after init an* it wouldn't be a chroot but something a bit more involved like switch_root in linux not if various servers use files provided by that init filesystem yes, that's the complex handoff I'm talking about yes that's one approach as I said, that would be a quite elegant approach (allowing a dynamically linked ext2); but it would be much more complicated to implement I believe how would it allow a dynamically linked ext2 ? how can the root file system be linked with code backed by itself ? unless it requires wiring all its memory ? it would be loaded from the init filesystem before the handoff init sn't the problem here i understand how it would boot but then, you need to make sure the root fs is never used to service page faults on its own address space or any address space it depends on, like the disk driver so this basically requires wiring all the system libraries, glibc included why not ah. yes, that's something I covered in a separate section in my thesis ;-) eh :) we have to do that anyways, if we want *any* dynamically linked components (such as the disk driver) in the paging path yes and it should make swapping more reliable too so that adds a couple MiB of wired memory... I guess we will just have to live with that yes it seems acceptable thanks (it is actually one reason why I want to avoid static linking as much as possible... so at least we have to wire these libraries only *once*) anyways, back to my "simpler" approach the idea is that a (static) ext2fs would still be the first task running, and immediately able to serve filesystem access requests -- only it would serve these requests from files preloaded by GRUB rather than the actual disk driver i understand now until a switch is flipped telling it that now the disk driver (and anything it depends upon) is operational you still need to make sure all this is wired yes that's orthogonal which is why I have a separate section about it :-) what was the relation with ggi ? none strictly speaking i'll rephrase it: how did it end up in your thesis ? I just covered all aspects of userspace drivers in one of the "introduction" sections of my thesis ok before going into specifics of KGI (and throwing in along the way that most of the issues described do not matter for KGI ;-) ) hehe i'm wondering, do we have mlockall on the hurd ? it seems not that's something deeply missing in mach well, bootstrap in general *is* actually relevant for KGI as well, because of console messages during boot... but the filesystem bootstrap is mostly irrelevant there ;-) braunr: oh? that's a problem then... I just assumed we have it well, it's possible to implement MCL_CURRENT, but not MCL_FUTURE or at least, it would be a bit difficult every allocation would need to be aware of that property it's better to have it managed by the vm system mach-defpager has its own version of vm_allocate for that braunr: I don't think we care about MCL_FUTURE here hm, wait... MCL_CURRENT is fine for code, but it might indeed be a problem for dynamically allocated memory :-( yes # Plan * Examine what other systems are doing. * L4 * Hurd on L4: deva, fabrica * [[/DDE]] * Minix 3 * Start with a simple driver and implement the needed infrastructure (see *Issues* above) as needed. * Some (unfinished?) code written by Robert Millan in 2003: PC keyboard and parallel port drivers, using `libtrivfs`. ## I/O Server ### IRC, freenode, #hurd, 2012-08-10 usually you'd have an I/O server, and serveral device drivers using it Well maybe that's my question. Should there be unique servers for say ISA, PCI, etc or could all of that be served by one "server"? forget about ISA How? Oh because the ISA bus is now served via a PCI bridge? the I/O server would merely be there to help device drivers map only what they require, and avoid conflicts because it's a relic of the past :p and because it requires too high privileges But still exists in several PCs :) so usually, you'd directly ask the kernel for the I/O ports you need so do floppy drives :) if i'm right, even the l4 guys do it that way he's right, some devices are still considered ISA But that is where my confusion lies. Something has to figure out what/where those I/O ports are and that's why i tell you to forget about it ISA has both statically allocated ports (the historical ones) and others usually detected through PnP, when it works PCI is much cleaner, and memory mapped I/O is both better and much more popular currently So let's say I have a PCI SCSI card. I need some device driver to know how to talk to that, right? something is going to enumerate all the PCI devices and map them to and address space bddebian: that would be the I/O server we'll call it the PCI server OK, that is where I am headed. What if everything isn't PCI? Is the "I/O server" generic enough? nowadays everything is PCI So we are completely ignoring legacy hardware? we could have separate servers using a shared library that would provide allocation routines like resource maps yes for what is not, the translator just needs to be run as root to get i/o perm from the kernel the idea for projects like ours, where the user base is very small is: don't implement what you can't test bddebian: legacy can not be supported in a nice way, so for them we can just afford a bad solution i.e. leave the driver in kernel right e.g. the keyboard Well what if I have a USB keyboard? :-P that's a different matter USB keyboard is not legacy hardware it's usb which can be enumerated like pci and USB uses PCI and pci could be on usb :) so it's just a separate stack on top of the PCI server Sure so would SCSI in my example above but is still a seperate bus netbsd has a very nice way of attaching drivers to buses bddebian: also, yes, and it can be enumerated Which was my original question. This magic I/O server handles all of the buses? no, just PCI, and then you'd have other servers for other busses i didn't mean that there would be *one* I/O server instance So then it isn't a generic I/O server is it? Ahhhh that way you can even put scsi over ppp or other crazy things it's more of an idea there would probably be a generic interface for basic stuff and i assume it could be augmented with specific (e.g. USB) interfaces for servers that need more detailed communication (well, i'm pretty sure of it) So the I/O server generalizes all functions, say read and write, and then the PCI, USB, SCIS, whatever servers are contacted by it? no, not read and write resource allocation rather and enumeration probing perhaps bddebian: the goal of the I/O server is to make it possible for device drivers to access the resources they need without a chance to interfere with other device drivers (at least, that's one of the goals) so a driver would request the bus space matching the device(s) and obtain that through memory mapping Shouldn't that be in the "global address space"? SOrry if I am using the wrong terminology well, the i/o server should also trigger the start of that driver bddebian: address space is not a matter for drivers bddebian: i'm not sure what you think of with "global address space" bddebian: it's just a matter for the pci enumerator when (and if) it places the BARs in physical address space drivers merely request mapping that, they don't need to know about actual physical addresses i'm almost sure you lost him at BARs :( youpi: that's what i meant with probing actually Actually I know BARs I have been reading on PCI :) I suppose physicall address space is more what I meant when I used "global address space" i see bddebian: probably, yes # Documentation * [An Architecture for Device Drivers Executing as User-Level Tasks](http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=665603), 1993, David B. Golub, Guy G. Sotomayor, Freeman L. Rawson, III * [Performance Measurements of the Multimedia Testbed on Mach 3.0: Experience Writing Real-Time Device Drivers, Servers, and Applications](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.40.8685), 1993, Roger B. Dannenberg, David B. Anderson, Tom Neuendorffer, Dean Rubine, Jim Zelenka * [User Level IPC and Device Management in the Raven Kernel](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.57.3733), 1993, D. Stuart Ritchie, Gerald W. Neufeld * [Creating User-Mode Device Drivers with a Proxy](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.26.3055), 1997, Galen C. Hunt * [The APIC Approach to High Performance Network Interface Design: Protected DMA and Other Techniques](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.56.1198), 1997, Zubin D. Dittia, Guru M. Parulkar, Jerome R. Cox, Jr. * [The Fluke Device Driver Framework](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.4.7927), 1999, Kevin Thomas Van Maren * [Omega0: A portable interface to interrupt hardware for L4 system](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.21.5958), 2000, Jork Löser, Michael Hohmuth * [Userdev: A Framework For User Level Device Drivers In Linux](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.3.4461), 2000, Hari Krishna Vemuri * [User Mode Drivers](http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/5442), 2002, Bryce Nakatani * [Towards Untrusted Device Drivers](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.13.1725), 2003, Ben Leslie, Gernot Heiser * [Encapsulated User-Level Device Drivers in the Mungi Operating System](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.6.1531), 2004, Ben Leslie Nicholas, Nicholas FitzRoy-Dale, Gernot Heiser * [Linux Kernel Infrastructure for User-Level Device Drivers](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.10.1408), 2004, Peter Chubb * [Get More Device Drivers out of the Kernel!](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.59.6333), 2004, Peter Chubb * * [Initial Evaluation of a User-Level Device Driver](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.59.4531), 2004, Kevin Elphinstone, Stefan Götz * [User-level Device Drivers: Achieved Performance](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.59.6766), 2005, Ben Leslie, Peter Chubb, Nicholas FitzRoy-Dale, Stefan Götz, Charles Gray, Luke Macpherson, Daniel Potts, Yueting Shen, Kevin Elphinstone, Gernot Heiser * [Virtualising PCI](http://www.ice.gelato.org/about/oct06_presentations.php#pres14), 2006, Myrto Zehnder, Peter Chubb * [Microdrivers: A New Architecture for Device Drivers](http://www.cs.rutgers.edu/~vinodg/papers/hotos2007/), 2007, Vinod Ganapathy, Arini Balakrishnan, Michael M. Swift, Somesh Jha * [[!tag open_issue_documentation]] * [[!tag open_issue_documentation]] # External Projects * [[/DDE]] * * * [Running applications on the Xen Hypervisor](http://blog.netbsd.org/tnf/entry/running_applications_on_the_xen), Antti Kantee, 2013-09-17. [The Anykernel and Rump Kernels](http://www.netbsd.org/docs/rump/).