Merge branch 'FAQ'

7 files changed, 176 insertions, 45 deletions

diff --git a/hurd/documentation.mdwn b/hurd/documentation.mdwn
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4d431b0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hurd/documentation.mdwn
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+[[meta copyright="Copyright © 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc."]]
+
+[[meta license="""[[toggle id="license" text="GFDL 1.2+"]][[toggleable
+id="license" text="Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
+document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or
+any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant
+Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.  A copy of the license
+is included in the section entitled
+[[GNU_Free_Documentation_License|/fdl]]."]]"""]]
+
+  * [[FAQ]]
+
+  * <http://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/docs.html>
diff --git a/hurd/faq.mdwn b/hurd/faq.mdwn
index 6bb6f55f..aab538d9 100644
--- a/hurd/faq.mdwn
+++ b/hurd/faq.mdwn
@@ -1,45 +1,17 @@
-In addition to the [general FAQ](http://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/docs.html#TOCfaq) there are the following typical newbie questions. (There is an [updated version](http://tuxou.ouvaton.org/hurd/) which is not official yet.)
-
-If you still have problems, do not hesitate to make use of the [[mailing_lists]] or the [[IRC]].
-
-* **_You say GNU, don't you mean GNU/Hurd?_**
-  * Yes and no. GNU refers to the system as a whole, while GNU/Hurd is more specific, saying that it is the GNU system running on the Hurd -- to differentiate it from the GNU system running on Linux, GNU/Linux. Also see [[GNU/GnuNames]]
-
-* **_What editor can I use?_**
-  * `nano` is the default editor on a fresh install, not `ae`.
-
-* **_Why can't I get the answers I need from Hurd hackers?_**
-  * This [document](http://www.catb.org/~esr/faqs/smart-questions.html) may help you understand some developers attitudes and social norms.
-
-* **_Where are the virtual consoles I use when running GNU/Linux?_**
-  * You need to [use screen](http://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/faq.en.html#q4-6) instead, also available when running GNU/Linux.
-  * The [new console](http://lists.debian.org/debian-hurd/2002/debian-hurd-200209/msg00054.html) by Marcus Brinkmann could also be used. It supports the Alt-Fn keys for switching like in GNU/Linux. NOTE: that message has an error in the configuration steps, it says `/dev/vts` when it means `/dev/vcs`. A more up-to-date howto is [[console]].
-
-* **_What is a translator?_**
-  * The official FAQ [answers](http://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/faq.en.html#q4-2) this question by a reference to [hurd-doc-translator](http://www.debian.org/ports/hurd/hurd-doc-translator).
-
-* **_Where's the sauce?_**
-  * It's on [Savannah](http://savannah.gnu.org). See also the [GNU Development Resources](http://www.gnu.org/software/devel.html), for more information.
-
-* **_What is this "libio" stuff?_**
-  * There was an ABI change for glibc0.3. It's recommended you reinstall your GNU/Hurd system if you run a system installed before the summer of 2002. This is a similar cause for the various Linux distributions who changed from libc5 to libc6 or glibc2 around 1998.
-
-* **_What is GNU Mach vs. oskit-mach?_**
-  * These are different versions of the Mach microkernel that supports the Hurd that runs on top of it. For more info, see [[Mach]]
-
-* **_What software is available for GNU?_**
-  * Most packages from [Debian](http://www.debian.org/) [GNU/Linux](http://www.gnu.org/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html) which aren't linux-specific ([Packages That Won't Be Ported](http://www.debian.org/ports/hurd/hurd-devel-debian)) are expected to work on GNU/Hurd too. See the database in <http://packages.debian.org/>. Programs which need pthreads, including [GNOME](http://www.gnome.org), [KDE](http://www.kde.org), [Mozilla](http://www.mozilla.org), [OpenOffice](http://www.openoffice.org), [SDL](http://www.libsdl.org), etc. are being worked on currently using Neal Walfields libpthreads. See the [[Distrib/PortingIssues]] document for some common build problems and their solutions.
-  * If you can't fetch a package with "apt-get install ", try building it from source: "apt-get source  &amp;&amp; cd &lt;package\_dir&gt; &amp;&amp; debian/rules binary".
-  * As of January 2007, 50% of Debian packages have been ported on the Hurd. Of course, bug testing is welcome.
-
-* **_How do I initialize a serial console on the Hurd?_**
-  * You can try out the Serial Howto at <http://www.nongnu.org/thug/serial-howto.txt>
-  * For a real serial console at boot time you need to rebuild your GNUmach 1.x kernel. For more info see the Utah release notes at [http://www.cs.utah.edu/flux/mach4-i386/html/mach4-UK22.html#serial\_console](http://www.cs.utah.edu/flux/mach4-i386/html/mach4-UK22.html#serial_console)
-
-* **_Will GNU work in Vmware?_**
-  * It's highly recommended and easier to get a full image for Bochs. See [[Distrib]]
-  * It didn't use to, [Hurd bootstrap fails](http://lists.debian.org/debian-hurd/2002/debian-hurd-200207/msg00069.html). Vmware is not [free software](http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html) and it is [[Distrib/VmWare]]. We recommend to use [free](http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html) alternatives, like [[Distrib/BochsEmulator]].
-  * A faster, more widespread and [free](http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html) recent alternative is [QEMU][[running/QEMU]]. You can find more informations on [[running/QEMU]].
-  * If someone prefers using VMWare:
-    * It works with VMWare Workstation 4.0.5 build-6030.
-    * Running Debian GNU/HURD in VMWare works for me -- [[Main/MichaelAblassmeier]] - 03 Mar 2004
+[[meta copyright="Copyright © 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc."]]
+
+[[meta license="""[[toggle id="license" text="GFDL 1.2+"]][[toggleable
+id="license" text="Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
+document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or
+any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant
+Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.  A copy of the license
+is included in the section entitled
+[[GNU_Free_Documentation_License|/fdl]]."]]"""]]
+
+[[meta title="GNU Hurd FAQ"]]
+
+[[inline
+pages="hurd/faq/* and !*/discussion"
+show=0
+actions=yes
+rootpage="hurd/faq" postformtext="Add a new item titled:"]]
diff --git a/hurd/faq/gramatically_speaking.mdwn b/hurd/faq/gramatically_speaking.mdwn
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f6073376
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hurd/faq/gramatically_speaking.mdwn
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+[[meta copyright="Copyright © 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2008 Free Software
+Foundation, Inc."]]
+
+[[meta license="""[[toggle id="license" text="GFDL 1.2+"]][[toggleable
+id="license" text="Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
+document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or
+any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant
+Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.  A copy of the license
+is included in the section entitled
+[[GNU_Free_Documentation_License|/fdl]]."]]"""]]
+
+[[meta title="Grammatically speaking, what is the Hurd?"]]
+
+*Hurd*, as an acronym, stands for *Hird of Unix-Replacing Daemons*.  *Hird*, in
+turn, stands for *Hurd of Interfaces Representing Depth*.
+
+We treat *Hurd* as a title rather than as a proper name: it requires an
+article, as in *the Hurd*.  For instance: *The ext2 filesystem is provided by
+the Hurd, not by Mach.*  Note that all of the following are incorrect: *Hurd*,
+*HURD*, *The HURD*, and *the hurd*.
+
+We write *the GNU Hurd* instead of *the Hurd* when we want to emphasize that
+the Hurd is a GNU package.  Once this has been made clear, we usually use the
+shorter form, without *GNU*.
+
+The whole operating system includes not only the kernel and the system servers,
+but also many more programs.  This system is called *GNU*, or *the GNU
+operating system*.  The GNU programs can also run on other operating system
+kernels.  We say *GNU/Hurd* when we want to put emphasis on the fact that this
+is the GNU system running on top of the Hurd, and to contrast it with the
+GNU/Linux system which is GNU using Linux as the kernel.
+
+Finally, there is *Debian GNU/Hurd*. This refers to the distribution of the GNU
+system as created by the Debian developers.  For example: *What do you run on
+your laptop?  Debian GNU/Hurd, of course.*
+
+The French generally write *le Hurd*--that is, they treat the name as masculine
+singular, capitalized as in English.
+
+When we are referring to the microkernel, we say *Mach* and use it as a proper
+noun.  For example: *Mach uses the device drivers found in version 2.0.x of
+Linux.*  We sometimes say *the Mach microkernel* instead of just *Mach*.
diff --git a/hurd/faq/l4.mdwn b/hurd/faq/l4.mdwn
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..185c713a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hurd/faq/l4.mdwn
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+[[meta copyright="Copyright © 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2008 Free Software
+Foundation, Inc."]]
+
+[[meta license="""[[toggle id="license" text="GFDL 1.2+"]][[toggleable
+id="license" text="Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
+document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or
+any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant
+Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.  A copy of the license
+is included in the section entitled
+[[GNU_Free_Documentation_License|/fdl]]."]]"""]]
+
+[[meta title="Why is there no information on the official website about the
+Hurd port to L4 (Hurd/L4)?"]]
+
+There is an ongoing effort to port the Hurd to the L4 microkernel family.  This
+will take time and the port is not in a releasable state -- this is why there
+is no information about the L4 port on the website for the Hurd project
+<http://www.gnu.org/software/hurd> other than this FAQ entry.
+
+The development of Hurd/L4 is being done in the `hurd-l4` module of the Hurd
+CVS repository.  The `doc` directory contains a design document that is worth
+reading for anyone who wishes to learn more about Hurd/L4.  If you wish to
+follow the development or contribute patches to Hurd/L4, please subscribe to
+the [[mailing_lists/l4-hurd]] mailing list.
diff --git a/hurd/faq/old-stuff.mdwn b/hurd/faq/old-stuff.mdwn
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6bb6f55f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hurd/faq/old-stuff.mdwn
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+In addition to the [general FAQ](http://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/docs.html#TOCfaq) there are the following typical newbie questions. (There is an [updated version](http://tuxou.ouvaton.org/hurd/) which is not official yet.)
+
+If you still have problems, do not hesitate to make use of the [[mailing_lists]] or the [[IRC]].
+
+* **_You say GNU, don't you mean GNU/Hurd?_**
+  * Yes and no. GNU refers to the system as a whole, while GNU/Hurd is more specific, saying that it is the GNU system running on the Hurd -- to differentiate it from the GNU system running on Linux, GNU/Linux. Also see [[GNU/GnuNames]]
+
+* **_What editor can I use?_**
+  * `nano` is the default editor on a fresh install, not `ae`.
+
+* **_Why can't I get the answers I need from Hurd hackers?_**
+  * This [document](http://www.catb.org/~esr/faqs/smart-questions.html) may help you understand some developers attitudes and social norms.
+
+* **_Where are the virtual consoles I use when running GNU/Linux?_**
+  * You need to [use screen](http://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/faq.en.html#q4-6) instead, also available when running GNU/Linux.
+  * The [new console](http://lists.debian.org/debian-hurd/2002/debian-hurd-200209/msg00054.html) by Marcus Brinkmann could also be used. It supports the Alt-Fn keys for switching like in GNU/Linux. NOTE: that message has an error in the configuration steps, it says `/dev/vts` when it means `/dev/vcs`. A more up-to-date howto is [[console]].
+
+* **_What is a translator?_**
+  * The official FAQ [answers](http://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/faq.en.html#q4-2) this question by a reference to [hurd-doc-translator](http://www.debian.org/ports/hurd/hurd-doc-translator).
+
+* **_Where's the sauce?_**
+  * It's on [Savannah](http://savannah.gnu.org). See also the [GNU Development Resources](http://www.gnu.org/software/devel.html), for more information.
+
+* **_What is this "libio" stuff?_**
+  * There was an ABI change for glibc0.3. It's recommended you reinstall your GNU/Hurd system if you run a system installed before the summer of 2002. This is a similar cause for the various Linux distributions who changed from libc5 to libc6 or glibc2 around 1998.
+
+* **_What is GNU Mach vs. oskit-mach?_**
+  * These are different versions of the Mach microkernel that supports the Hurd that runs on top of it. For more info, see [[Mach]]
+
+* **_What software is available for GNU?_**
+  * Most packages from [Debian](http://www.debian.org/) [GNU/Linux](http://www.gnu.org/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html) which aren't linux-specific ([Packages That Won't Be Ported](http://www.debian.org/ports/hurd/hurd-devel-debian)) are expected to work on GNU/Hurd too. See the database in <http://packages.debian.org/>. Programs which need pthreads, including [GNOME](http://www.gnome.org), [KDE](http://www.kde.org), [Mozilla](http://www.mozilla.org), [OpenOffice](http://www.openoffice.org), [SDL](http://www.libsdl.org), etc. are being worked on currently using Neal Walfields libpthreads. See the [[Distrib/PortingIssues]] document for some common build problems and their solutions.
+  * If you can't fetch a package with "apt-get install ", try building it from source: "apt-get source  &amp;&amp; cd &lt;package\_dir&gt; &amp;&amp; debian/rules binary".
+  * As of January 2007, 50% of Debian packages have been ported on the Hurd. Of course, bug testing is welcome.
+
+* **_How do I initialize a serial console on the Hurd?_**
+  * You can try out the Serial Howto at <http://www.nongnu.org/thug/serial-howto.txt>
+  * For a real serial console at boot time you need to rebuild your GNUmach 1.x kernel. For more info see the Utah release notes at [http://www.cs.utah.edu/flux/mach4-i386/html/mach4-UK22.html#serial\_console](http://www.cs.utah.edu/flux/mach4-i386/html/mach4-UK22.html#serial_console)
+
+* **_Will GNU work in Vmware?_**
+  * It's highly recommended and easier to get a full image for Bochs. See [[Distrib]]
+  * It didn't use to, [Hurd bootstrap fails](http://lists.debian.org/debian-hurd/2002/debian-hurd-200207/msg00069.html). Vmware is not [free software](http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html) and it is [[Distrib/VmWare]]. We recommend to use [free](http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html) alternatives, like [[Distrib/BochsEmulator]].
+  * A faster, more widespread and [free](http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html) recent alternative is [QEMU][[running/QEMU]]. You can find more informations on [[running/QEMU]].
+  * If someone prefers using VMWare:
+    * It works with VMWare Workstation 4.0.5 build-6030.
+    * Running Debian GNU/HURD in VMWare works for me -- [[Main/MichaelAblassmeier]] - 03 Mar 2004
diff --git a/hurd/faq/release.mdwn b/hurd/faq/release.mdwn
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c93ba353
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hurd/faq/release.mdwn
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+[[meta copyright="Copyright © 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc."]]
+
+[[meta license="""[[toggle id="license" text="GFDL 1.2+"]][[toggleable
+id="license" text="Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
+document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or
+any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant
+Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.  A copy of the license
+is included in the section entitled
+[[GNU_Free_Documentation_License|/fdl]]."]]"""]]
+
+[[meta title="When will the Hurd be released?"]]
+
+Next year.
+
+Save that, read about the Hurd's [[status]].
diff --git a/hurd/faq/slash_usr_symlink.mdwn b/hurd/faq/slash_usr_symlink.mdwn
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d78913fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hurd/faq/slash_usr_symlink.mdwn
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+[[meta copyright="Copyright © 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2008 Free Software
+Foundation, Inc."]]
+
+[[meta license="""[[toggle id="license" text="GFDL 1.2+"]][[toggleable
+id="license" text="Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
+document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or
+any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant
+Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.  A copy of the license
+is included in the section entitled
+[[GNU_Free_Documentation_License|/fdl]]."]]"""]]
+
+[[meta title="Why is `/usr' a symbolic link to `.'?"]]
+
+The distinction between `/` and `/usr` has historical reasons.  Back when Unix
+systems were booted from two tapes, a small root tape and a big user tape.
+Today, we like to use different partitions for these two spaces.  The Hurd
+throws this historical garbage away.  We think that we have found a more
+flexible solution called union filesystems, which allow to create virtual
+filesystems which are the union of several other filesystems.  However, support
+for union filesystems is still in early development.