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+[[!meta copyright="Copyright © 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free
+Software Foundation, Inc."]]
+
+[[!meta license="""[[!toggle id="license" text="GFDL 1.2+"]][[!toggleable
+id="license" text="Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
+document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or
+any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant
+Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.  A copy of the license
+is included in the section entitled
+[[GNU Free Documentation License|/fdl]]."]]"""]]
+
+Richard Stallman (RMS) started GNU in 1983, as a project to create a
+complete free operating system.  In the text of the GNU Manifesto, he
+mentioned that there is a primitive kernel.  In the first GNUsletter,
+Feb. 1986, he says that GNU's kernel is TRIX, which was developed at
+the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
+
+By December of 1986, the Free Software Foundation (FSF) had "started
+working on the changes needed to TRIX" [Gnusletter, Jan. 1987].
+Shortly thereafter, the FSF began "negotiating with Professor Rashid
+of Carnegie-Mellon University about working with them on the
+development of the Mach kernel" [Gnusletter, June, 1987].  The text
+implies that the FSF wanted to use someone else's work, rather than
+have to fix TRIX.
+
+In [Gnusletter, Feb. 1988], RMS was talking about taking Mach and
+putting the Berkeley Sprite filesystem on top of it, "after the parts
+of Berkeley Unix... have been replaced."
+
+Six months later, the FSF is saying that "if we can't get Mach, we'll
+use TRIX or Berkeley's Sprite."  Here, they present Sprite as a
+full-kernel option, rather than just a filesystem.
+
+In January, 1990, they say "we aren't doing any kernel work.  It does
+not make sense for us to start a kernel project now, when we still
+hope to use Mach" [Gnusletter, Jan. 1990].  Nothing significant occurs
+until 1991, when a more detailed plan is announced:
+
+<BLOCKQUOTE>
+We are still interested in a multi-process kernel running on top of
+Mach.  The CMU lawyers are currently deciding if they can release Mach
+with distribution conditions that will enable us to distribute it.  If
+they decide to do so, then we will probably start work.  CMU has
+available under the same terms as Mach a single-server partial Unix
+emulator named Poe; it is rather slow and provides minimal
+functionality.  We would probably begin by extending Poe to provide
+full functionality.  Later we hope to have a modular emulator divided
+into multiple processes.  [Gnusletter, Jan. 1991].
+</BLOCKQUOTE>
+
+RMS explains the relationship between [[the Hurd and
+Linux|hurd/documentation/hurd-and-linux]], where he mentions
+that the FSF started developing the Hurd in 1990.  As of [Gnusletter,
+Nov. 1991], the Hurd (running on Mach) is GNU's official kernel.
+
+---
+
+# Announcements
+
+These are all the announcements made over the years. Most of them were
+either sent to the <A HREF="news:gnu.announce">gnu.announce</A> news group or Hurd interest
+mailing lists.
+
+  * [[hurd-flash15]] -- Release 0.2 announcement (complete GNU system)
+  * [[hurd-flash14]] -- Release 0.2 announcement (Hurd)
+  * [[hurd-flash13]] -- Test release announcement (Aug 96)
+  * [[hurd-flash12]] -- Test release status (Jul 96)
+  * [[hurd-flash11]] -- Binary image available, Apr 96
+    This and [NetBSD](http://www.netbsd.org/) boot flopies should be enough to
+    get a working GNU/Hurd system!
+  * [[hurd-flash10]] -- New Snapshot, Apr 96 -- NFS and lots else works!
+  * [[hurd-flash9]] -- News Flash, Nov 95 -- ftp works!
+  * [[hurd-flash8]] -- New Snapshot, Jul 95 -- ext2fs support
+  * [[hurd-flash7]] -- New Snapshot, Apr 95
+  * [[hurd-flash6]] -- News flash, Nov 94
+  * [[hurd-flash5]] -- News flash, Sep 94 -- gcc runs!
+  * [[hurd-flash4]] -- News flash, Aug 94
+  * [[hurd-flash3]] -- News flash, Jul 94 -- emacs runs!
+  * [[hurd-flash2]] -- News flash, May 94
+  * [[hurd-flash]] -- News flash, Apr 94 -- it boots!
+  * [[hurd-announce2]] -- GNU Hurd announcement, Nov 93
+  * [[hurd-announce]] -- GNU Hurd announcement, May 91
+
+---
+
+  * [History
+    1997-2003](http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/l4-hurd/2005-10/msg00718.html)
+    -- personal view of Marcus Brinkmann about Hurd development in 1997-2003.
+
+---
+
+  * [[Port_to_L4]]